Marketing Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Showcasing Environment - Case Study Example (netMBA.com,n.d.) My organization Sainsbury is a UK based food retailer with personal stake in money related administrations. The organization contains Sainsbury markets, comfort stores,an web based home conveyance shopping administration and Sainsbury Bank. The gathering is headquartered in Holborn, London and it recorded incomes worth pounds 17151 million during the monetary year 2006-2007, an expansion of 6.8% more than 2006. (Data screen plc.,2007) This basically suggests the variables affecting any of it's qualities, for example, it's web based home conveyance shopping office, changes sought after/flexibly or natural nourishments that structure the most gainful segment. Indeed, even factors that sway it's financial assistance for example Sainsbury Bank may affect Sainsbury plc in general. There are a few inward just as outer components. The inward factors help the inside investigation part of the condition since they center to give a point by point assessment of the interior examination part of the condition since they center to give a nitty gritty assessment of the inner condition's qualities/shortcomings. These variables incorporate a few, for example, organization culture, piece of the pie, brand awareness,financial assets.. (netMBA,n.d.).These will be interior to the association; while outer elements incorporate contenders, for this situation ASDA and TESCO that are driving general stores in the UK also. Be that as it may, the last four referenced components are for the most part the large scale ecological elements and possibly utilized in a PEST examination. Bug represents political, financial, social and innovative elements that affect the economy. For Sainsbury's situation these might be sanctions on the import of a particular sort of compost utilized for developing natural nourishments that winds up influenc ing it's natural food deals and subsequently, it's benefit. Financing cost vacillations because of an over all monetary downturn may prompt lower benefits too. Aside from this, few other full scale natural factors that have an effect include: estimating guidelines. modern security regulations,labor costs,inflation rates, intrigue rates,education, culture, innovation's effect on item contributions, similar to Internet selling etc.(netMBA, n.d.) Three Opportunities The three fundamental open doors that are essentially the result of the natural factors that sway it and that Sainsbury can utilize later on and convert into it's qualities are the accompanying: Expanding interest for it's natural based items As per the Data screen, expanding shopper attention to wellbeing and ecological issues alongside an expanding obstruction towards hereditarily adjusted (gm) food items and GM cultivating, has prompted the quick increment in the interest for natural food.(Data screen plc, 2007). As per the UK Telegraph, Sainsbury's deals have risen by and by gratitude to the developing notoriety of it's natural and premium food ranges. The organization which had gone under weight from financial specialists to auction its property resources is pushing ahead to recuperation and it's solid quality food offer has helped it remove clients from adversaries, for example, TESCO and ASDA(UK Telegraph,2007) This plainly shows natural nourishments have become a Sainsbury trademark with increasingly more of the market outlets being patched up to incorporate the greens segment furnished with quality based natural food supplies. Online market These days, to an ever increasing extent

Western Pleasure vs Hunter Jumpers free essay sample

Nikki Yager Mrs. Yates English II 3 October 2010 English Essay â€Å"There is something about the outside of a pony that is useful for within a man. † - Winston Churchill. Ponies rouse their riders, yet in addition the observers. The specialty of equestrian is commonly ignored as a serious game. Being a rider accepts crude ability as well as commitment, aptitude, fixation, information, and quality. With an assortment of riding styles, it’s hard to communicate which one is better than the others. There is pressure between the horsemen with various riding styles; each accept their achievements take more expertise. Western Pleasure riding and English Hunter Jumpers are two unmistakable strategies with differing qualities, yet the riders themselves share a typical disposition of affection and energy for riding. Arrangement indicating takes a lot of molding both genuinely and intellectually for pony and rider. Preparing a pony can be a troublesome assignment, considering ponies are not machines. We will compose a custom exposition test on Western Pleasure versus Hunter Jumpers or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Ponies are live creatures that have a psyche and character of their own. Acclaimed Western Pleasure pony and riding mentor, Hardy Oelke, states â€Å"In your real preparing, you will likely instruct your pony so he never needs to go quick, hangs tight for your signals while never getting in a rush, yet at the same time remains gathered. †(Training The Wester Pleasure Horse). He additionally clarifies the guideline of controlling the horse’s mind rather then his mouth (Training the Western Pleasure Horse). Tracker mentor, Rick Fancher, proposes tips for building up the horse’s development. Preparing the pony as per Fancher is a slow procedure dependent on working with the creature, â€Å"You can't show your pony to abbreviate and gather on the off chance that you don’t first let him go ahead. Furthermore, you can't keep him loose if you’re continually hanging in his mouth. † (Hunter Training Do’s and Don’ts). Having the right hardware additionally possesses a huge piece of setting up the pony. Quality harnesses, bits, and seats are largely fundamental tack necessities for riding. Western attach will in general be increasingly breathtaking, in that it is by and large overwhelmed with a type of shading or diamond. The seat is essentially huge, with a horn set in the fontal end. English tack is ordinarily straightforward, and is a lot lighter than Western tack. The seat has a totally extraordinary shape to it, and gives nearer contact the pony than the Western seat. Having genuine preparing and hardware is viewed as basic arrangement to progress one’s riding potential. Contending in horse shows can be very contentious; getting the judge’s attention is urgent! Riding in rivalries makes riders become apprehensive regardless of the riding discipline; everybody is centered around intriguing the appointed authority. In Western Pleasure, riders dress in ostentatious, imaginative, and bright outfits. Tracker Jumpers, despite what might be expected, wear refined clothing giving the rider a well put together, world class look. The deciding in the Western Pleasure ring depends on the horse’s appearance and whether the pony looks quiet, agreeable, and above all pleasurable to ride. It’s not considered the most energizing of the divisions to watch at a pony show on account of the moderate pace the ponies keep all through the classes. In the Hunter division judges are taking a gander at how the rider is functioning with their pony. The pony should convey wonderful aura, bouncing capacities, pace, and worth. The deciding of the two is comparable in that, in the two divisions the objective is to seem sure and easy. Equestrianism is proposed to be a game of magnificence and fervor; tragically, over serious proprietors and coaches with an extraordinary yearning to win may mishandle, exhaust, or dope their ponies to improve their presentation. Doping and the wrong utilization of typical drugs present a genuine danger to the trustworthiness and notoriety of our game, since they give competitors an out of line advantage and compromise the government assistance of ponies. †(FEI’s Clean Sport Campaign pg1) Federation Equestre Inerationale and a few other creature government assistance associations have settled guidelines attempting to make an increasingly flawless game. Since riding in shows is so serious ride rs need to comprehend that indicating isn’t consistently about winning yet learning for the experience of appearing. Western Pleasure riding and English Hunter Jumpers are two unmistakable procedures with differing qualities, however the riders themselves share a typical demeanor of affection and enthusiasm for riding. Ability and strategy sufficient for making a riding vocation, yet the requirement for enthusiasm in riding essentially surpasses that of ability and method. The making of the pony is a blessing, which empowers individuals to feel opportunity and reverence towards a great creature. Riders with a longing to succeed perceive that riding isn't tied in with overcoming the pony yet getting one with the pony.

Beware of Buzzword Bingo

Be careful with Buzzword Bingo Be careful with Buzzword Bingo Be careful with Buzzword Bingo By Mark Nichol Far back in the fogs of Internet time (that would be the 1990s), several sways at a PC organization called Silicon Graphics made a rebellious game that filled a need. You’ve been there, maybe: an organization meeting at which administrators or tech nerds unironically dispatch volleys of ludicrous advertising catchphrases or tech language. All things considered, these two colleagues conceptualized probably the most heinous models, made bingo-type cards with each case in the lattice containing a term, and passed them around to choose partners. The thought was that at whatever point you heard a popular expression, you’d check the appropriate box (clandestinely, obviously). As in bingo, you endeavored to be the primary individual to check five boxes in succession. In this rendition, in any case, it was not prudent to jump to your feet and yell â€Å"Bingo!† Rather, you would, without meddling with the official procedures, either quietly and covertly inform your kindred members or, on the off chance that you were sufficiently striking, pose an inquiry of the moderator that by one way or another, with regards to the conversation, utilized the utilization of the word bingo and expectation that neither you nor your rivals would lose it and bust a gut. Anyway, what does this have to do with DailyWritingTips.com? Don’t be that individual who moves an animating round of trendy expression bingo, or propagates the requirement for the game. On the off chance that your boss or customer expects you to utilize in excess of a few choices from the accompanying word list recorded as a hard copy or discourse, you have my authorization to cry. (No genuine individual will deny having utilized at any rate one.) You likewise have consent to erase the term from your promise crowd and utilize a helpful little language called English. Here are 24 terms enough for one card (with a Free spot in a 5 x 5 network): 2.0 (n.): the people to come activity thing (n.): high-need issue transfer speed (n.): capacity to focus, or capacity to dedicate assets, (for example, intellectual prowess) benchmark (n.): standard best practice (n.): a norm, demonstrated system cutting edge (n.): an intensifier of front line; signifies development circle (v.): seek out profound jump (n.): a concentrated investigation of detail discourse (n., v.): talk going ahead (v. what's more, adv.): starting now and into the foreseeable future (yet with the suggestion that the period before going ahead was set apart by moving in reverse downright stupid, that is) granularity (n.): fine detail helicopter see (n.): diagram boost (or incent) (v.): to rouse influence (n., v.): power (n.), upgrade or adventure (v.) measurements (n.): estimations mindshare (n.): articulation of an idea worldview (n.): model low-hanging organic product (n.): the least difficult choice push(ing) the envelope (action word state): exert(ing) most extreme exertion cooperative energy (n.): similarity take (clear) disconnected (action word state): talk about something later cooperative person (n.): somebody who is collegial and helpful think(ing) fresh (action word express): to create, or delivering, strange thoughts connect (action word express): to meet for a status report esteem included (adj.): joined by an extra advantage (likewise utilized in thing structure: esteem include) For a propelled, splendid spearing of the popular expression attitude, go to this segment from the San Francisco Chronicle’s SFGate.com (look down past the generally whimsical columnist’s unique tirade to â€Å"In other news†). Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SList of Greek Words in the English Language35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

Least ost solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Least ost arrangement - Essay Example Investigation of the Supply Chain Project shows that move focuses isn't important or legitimized. The major financial factor which impacts the impact of separation on rates is the component of cost. In transportation, certain expenses are brought about regardless of the real development per se.Products conveyed by Canbide are delegated generally safe items. Transporters are required to give associations and build sidings to conveyance of carload shipments to private sidings and to give group tracks for stacking and emptying. Exchanging administration for these tracks must be given on a sensible premise. As an issue of training, railways frequently arrange auxiliary exchanging and terminal organizations, regularly on a joint premise, to play out these administrations. Since the firm is little and frequently firmly held, it isn't astounding that the association of the engine bearer is the ordinarily basic line type with a progression of power from the proprietor descending through the association. The adaptability of the trucks additionally represents another significant bit of leeway, speed. While there is practically no distinction in the supreme speed capability of surface vehicles (i.e., the miles every hour limit of trucks and trains are about the equivalent), the engine truck for the most part furnishes the shipper with better help in respect than slipped by time (travel time), which is a definitive proportion of time for the shipper. Transportation administration, in the same way as other different administrations or items, is now and then delivered under states of regular expense;

Rule of the Bone

Acquaintance Every adolescent needs with be autonomous in their life. The majority of them attempt to avoid any impact from their folks and begin to connect with their companions. The invading topic in this book is that of all out autonomy. Banks utilizes the character Chappie (or Bone) as the hero in the story. He assists with building up this subject through his fascinating adventures.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Rule of the Bone explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The life of Chappie can be separated into three significant stages. The main stage is when Chappie is irate with the treatment he gets from his folks and ventures out from home. He goes to live with Russ. The subsequent stage is the point at which he meets with I-Man. The last stage is the point at which he is in Jamaica. This paper will investigate the character of Chappie/Bone and show how he is a powerful character. Investigation of the Character Chappie/Bone Chappie speak s to the advanced youth. He especially speaks to how they are probably going to respond whenever confronted with similar conditions that Chappie was confronting. The story begins with Chappie’s insubordination to his folks. He begins to take negligible things from the house so as to get cash to purchase drugs since he has gotten dependent on them. He says, â€Å"I’d about abandoned discovering something in the house that I could rob†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Banks 5). He goes to live with Russ, one of his companions. He says concerning Russ that, â€Å"I had this generally excellent companion Russ whose mum showed him out in the spring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Banks 7). Chappie joins his companion and they keep living respectively. The underlying response by the peruser towards Chappie is feel sorry for blended in with outrage. One really want to feel for Chappie because of the conditions he is confronting. In any case, one additionally blows up at him on account of the choice he takes s ince it isn't probably going to be the answer for his setbacks. As he lives with Russ, Chappie relies completely upon him for exhortation and direction on the most proficient method to live. While the peruser is as yet irate with Chappie due to the choice he has made, Banks makes a bend in the occasions that follow. The peruser begins to see Chappie in an alternate manner. Chappie is delineated as an individual who is discontent with the sort of life he is living. He wants to leave this sort of life and accomplish something different that is valuable. This shows Chappie isn't as terrible as the peruser suspected. He is delineated as somebody with sincere goals. His lone issue is absolute reliance on his companion Russ. In any case, the relationship with Russ is fleeting in light of the fact that they separate after some time. The procedure of detachment begins when Bone notification an adjustment in their relationship. He perceives that he doesn't need to keep contingent upon Russ. He likewise understands that he is the person who settles on the greater part of the choices, not at all like in the past when Russ used to be the choice maker.Advertising Looking for exposition on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When he finds that he is done driving in dynamic in their undertakings, Russ chooses to end his fellowship with Bone. Now, Bone is baffled and discovers life troublesome. He says, â€Å"Because up to then for me living was equivalent to Running through some serious hardship with a gas suit on† (Banks 152). He searches for someone else who can permit him to lead their companionship. In the wake of severing from Russ, Bone’s autonomy begins to increment. He has figured out how to live freely. Afterward, he meets with I-Man, and they get to know one another. Their relationship is not the same as the relationship that Bone had with Russ. Rather than being absolutely reli ant on I-Man, Bone and I-Man have a harmonious relationship. Every one of them contributes something to their relationship, and none feels abused. Bone is glad to be in this sort of relationship since he feels like an equivalent in the relationship, dissimilar to in the past relationship with Russ where he was subject to him. It is around this time he begins to call himself ‘Bone’, implying his freedom. His life now is moderately tranquil. How Chappie/Bone is a powerful character sooner or later in his life, he invests some energy with I-Man in the school transport. It is this episode that changes his life completely. He understands that he can do things alone. He discovers that his companions shouldn't control. Rather, they ought to be individuals he can converse with, yet he should settle on choices about his life. Banks utilizes the connection among Bone and I-Man to show how Bone creates from being subject to companions to being an autonomous individual. Bone learns this through asking I-Man inquiries. I-Man can direct him on the best way to live freely, since he has been autonomous for quite a while in his life. Another contort that happens in Bone’s life is the point at which he begins to see medicates in an unexpected way. At the point when Bone was living with Russ, he used to take a great deal of medications, especially cannabis. This is apparent in Bone’s words when he says that, â€Å"It is astounding how quick great weed goes when you’ve got the cash to purchase it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Banks 8). Be that as it may, when he begins living with I-man, this changes. He can take this medication with some restraint and during explicit occasions, not generally. This difference in demeanor is additionally a perspective that delineates that he has gotten free. He is not, at this point dependent on this medication yet smokes it just as a method of unwinding. His dependence on this medication appears to end when their kinship with Russ is terminated.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Rule of the Bone explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bone carries on with an absolutely free life once he begins living in Jamaica. He can adjust to life there. He has developed so free that he can conflict with what individuals advise him to do and stand firm with his choices. His dad is glad to meet him as portrayed in the accompanying statement: â€Å"But he smiled, he really looked glad to see me and he stated, lemme see you! Lemme see what you resemble, for Christ sake!† (Banks 283). In any case, Bone doesn't permit individuals, including his dad, to impact him to settle on awful choices. He knows that he has a ton of autonomy however doesn't manhandle it. His dad likewise appreciates this sort of freedom and lives in a way that a great many people would need to live. He does anything he needs and wouldn't fret what individuals think or state about him. In spite of carrying on w ith this way of life, his life can't be depicted as a decent life. He is corrupt and dependent on drugs. Bone’s autonomy is generally apparent in this circumstance. He decides not to live like his dad. Despite the fact that he has a chance to live richly, he decides to carry on with an unassuming life. He accepts that a great deal of freedom isn't useful for an individual and can make one carry on with an adulterated life. He wouldn't like to wind up like his dad. While still in Jamaica, Bone chooses to return to America. The fundamental motivation behind why he has chosen to come back to America is on the grounds that he wants to carry on with a decent life. He is full grown and insightful enough to get that, the sort of life found in Jamaica isn't what he needs. In the event that he had gone to Jamaica before on in the story, he would have wanted to live there. Be that as it may, he has developed in all parts of his life and comprehends the vanity of such a real existence. Despite what might be expected, his companion Russ moves to Jamaica. It is conceivable that since he has not experienced what Bone has encountered since they gone separate ways, he probably won't have the option to use sound judgment in Jamaica. The time that Bone spends in Jamaica turns into the vital turning point of his life. During this period, he develops from a youngster who wanted to smoke cannabis to a grown-up who comprehends what is really significant throughout everyday life. He finds that he has an actual existence in front of him and needs to plan something for improve the nature of this life.Advertising Searching for article on american writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More One of the emotional changes that Bone makes throughout his life is the point at which he advises Russ of his choice to leave Jamaica. He means to return to class. From the start, Russ is stunned and neglects to accept this. Bone has found the estimation of instruction and that he needs it to carry on with a typical life, though Russ is as yet having a similar outlook as a youngster. He accepts that he needs to appreciate life without limit and that having some good times is the most significant thing. Bone, be that as it may, is a changed individual and is prepared to change his life. Taking everything into account, it is important that Chappie’s character changes as the story advances. He changes from being a reprobate youth and before the finish of the story, he is an improved individual. He is additionally ready to adjust to any circumstance he winds up in. The book finishes strong. Works Cited Banks, Russel. Rule of the Bone, New York: Harper Perennial, 1996. Print. This article on Rule of the Bone was composed and put together by client Ajaxis to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Everything Is 100% off If You Dont Buy It

Everything Is 100% off If You Don’t Buy It The holiday spirit is in the air! So far this holiday (shopping) season, consumers have been pushed, shoved, punched, trampled, and even stabbed others in an effort to save money on things that will soon occupy a landfill. And were barely past Black Friday. Next, Cyber Monday will assault your inbox. But I dont have any special deals for you. No sale prices. No promo codes. No limited-time offers. I do, however, have a suggestion: Pause. Wait before that next purchase. Avoid the mall, the online shopping carts, the sale prices. You cant save money by spending money. Everything is 100% off if you dont buy it. Instead of consuming more, why not create something worthwhile. Start a blog. Record a podcast. Write your first book. Wouldnt that be more fulfilling than the dull high that vanishes after the cash register dings its quiet victory bell. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The New Woman of the 1920s in Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald - Literature Essay Samples

One of the main ideas that pulses throughout Winter Dreams is the liberation of women, which, throughout history, has often been associated with the Roaring Twenties. Although the concept and title of The New Woman was first coined in the late nineteenth century, it truly began to spread nationwide and to all classes, in the 1920’s. In this age, women won the right to vote, wore lighter clothing, and partied with their male counterparts until late in the night. Old conventions were broken and gradually left behind, along with the morals and ethics which both men and women abandoned for the gain of individual freedom. It was an age of recklessness, of living to the fullest and relinquishing inhibitions. Fitzgerald illustrated the wildness and rebellion of women in particular in this story through the ever so beautiful, yet heartbreaking character of Judy Jones. Judy Jones, daughter of the wealthy Mr. Mortimer Jones, is introduced as a â€Å"beautifully ugly† girl of eleven, who is â€Å"destined† to grow up â€Å"to be inexpressibly lovely and bring no end of misery to a great number of men†. Not surprisingly, the protagonist, Dexter Green, is destined to be one of these miserable men. The term â€Å"beautifully ugly† can be perceived in varying ways; however, one such opinion is that the term reflects the fashion or trend of the era. Judy’s attire may have given her the appearance of a rich girl, with her â€Å"five small new golf clubs in a white canvas bag†, the items which she is decidedly the one to use but has a nurse to carry for her. Also, the arrogance she demonstrates through her bad temper; demanding a caddy when there are none available, and attempt to beat her nurse with a golf club, only helps to justify her spoilt and rich temperament. It is possible that Judy’s obvious wealth is what causes her to seem â€Å"beautiful† despite the ugliness of her age and crude manners. Moreover, Judy possesses a â€Å"radiant† but â€Å"blatantly artificial† smile – one which Dexter finds â€Å"preposterous† and â€Å"absurd†, yet strikes him as â€Å"convincing†. It appears as though he loathes it – the smile – but what he truly reprimands is the power it has over him. This smile is consistently mentioned throughout the story. Fitzgerald emphasizes on its affectation, thereby shedding light on the fact that Judy’s smile is also a result of fashion or trend, for she smiles in a way that â€Å"her lips twisted down at the corners† and later as a young woman this smile would be described as: â€Å"†¦less a smile than an invitation to kiss†. Perhaps it was the trend to smile this way, perhaps she had seen it somewhere, and imitated it. Judy does not smile because she truly wants to, but because it is what women were doing at the time – thus this particular smile of hers is often à ¢â‚¬Å"insincere†. Judy’s confidence is evidently the work of her wealthy upbringing. On top of that, she has grown up in an era of liberation for women. In the twenties, women were eagerly and successfully doing the things they were barred from doing in the past. They achieved a kind of independence, thus drastically shifting the role of The New Woman from one that was originally regarded as merely eligible to higher degrees of knowledge such as achieving a PhD, to a New Woman that could participate in various male-dominated activities. The era was significantly more sophisticated, and in this sophisticated age, Judy Jones grows up watching women live to their hearts’ content – especially the rich, as they indulge in extravagance. When Dexter meets Judy years later at the same golf course, Lake Erminie, Judy’s presence is clearly uncanny, as it is a predominantly male site. Her indifference to this shows that she is, in her own way, an activist by going against gender related conventions. When she accidentally hits Mr. Hedrick with a golf ball in the stomach, Mr. Hedrick cries, â€Å"†¦they ought to put some of these crazy women off the course. It’s getting outrageous.† These words convey his disapproval of women intruding upon this otherwise all-male sport. Despite her audacity to display no hint of remorse, Mr. Sandwood, a man just over thirty who was playing golf with Dexter and Mr. Hedrick, remarked: â€Å"Gosh! She’s good looking!† as though her beauty compensates for her distasteful behavior. Mr. Hedrick disparagingly argues that Judy is always â€Å"turning those big cow-eyes† in an attempt to seduce â€Å"every young calf in town†. This comparison expresses his prejudiced opinion that Judy, a woman, is like a grown cow that lures all the â€Å"young†, innocent men in town. His implication that all men maintained innocence and helplessness while she commits the shameless act of seduction proves his discrimination towards women. Fitzgerald’s purpose of this scene, where Judy is introduced for the second time by hitting a golf ball into Mr. Hedrick’s abdomen, is to initiate the criticism which women of the time faced for going against social norms, by traditional people, like Mr. Hedrick, who is old and has lived most of his life before this era of freedom and abandoning of inhibitions. Furthermore, the twenties saw wildness in women which could not be tamed. Judy represents this, with her many beaus and ability to lure them into â€Å"playing her game and not their own†, as well as her brazenness to do whatever she wishes, such as driving a boat all by herself late at night. In the twenties, there were many women like Judy Jones; women who adopted a carelessness and smartness to outwit men – behavior which, prior to this time, was unacceptable theoretically and in actuality. Overall, Fitzgerald’s focus on the behavior and characteristics of women in the 1920’s has made Winter Dreams a beautiful read. It has successfully depicted the extremity of women’s freedom and the consequences individuals face on the birth of The New Woman.

IEP Goals Helping Students with ADHD to Focus

Students with special needs pertaining to ADHD will often exhibit symptoms that can disrupt the learning environment of the whole classroom. Some of the common symptoms include making careless mistakes, failing to pay close attention to details, not following instructions carefully, not listening when spoken to directly, blurting out answers before hearing the whole question, feeling restless, fidgeting, running or climbing excessively, and failing to follow instructions carefully and completely. Focus and Sustain Attention If you are writing a plan to ensure that your ADHD students will be successful, ensure that your goals are based on the students past performance and that each goal and statement is stated positively and  is measurable. However, before creating goals for your student, establish a learning environment that is conducive to helping children focus and sustain their attention. Some of the tactics include the following: Ensure that the student is close to the source of information.Keep distractions to a minimum and demonstrate/model strategies to cope with classroom distractions. (This may involve some role-playing.)Establish a cue/prompt to ensure you have the students attention prior to starting. (This could be a touch on the shoulder or saying the students name.)Encourage the student to repeat directions or instructions on a regular basis.Allow one-to-one instructions/directions to happen as necessary.Encourage the  student to use organizers for lessons, such as  main points, subheadings, and materials needed.Use peer facilitation—train juniors or senior students who work with peers  that  are struggling. Peers can also  help to identify issues, mediate conflicts, or just provide support.Establish  consequences for the lack of attention during instructional times.When the student is not focusing, encourage him  to  enter a note in his behavior journal, stating the inappropr iate behavior. ADHD IEP Goals Always develop goals that can be measured. Be specific as to the duration or the circumstance under which the goal will be implemented, and use specific time slots when possible. Once the IEP is written, it is imperative that the student is taught the goals and fully understands the expectations. Provide students with ways of tracking goals—they need to be accountable for their own changes. Here are some examples of measurable goals you can start with. Set a goal for  completed  homework. Create a weekly calendar where you and the student can keep  track  of finished work. Keeping track of the goal of completing homework five days a week  may help the student focus on the task of finishing homework daily. Set a simple goal for jotting down reminders and assignment due dates in his  school agenda five days a week.  Ask to see the students agenda at the end of the week and together count how many times he jotted down due dates of assignments and special school events.   Create a goal for the student to develop  organizational skills for  managing her daily life. For instance, ask the student to keep track of a personal checklist of daily tasks. From brushing her teeth in the morning to  eating lunch or spending time on the computer, set a goal for the student to keep track of how often all of the boxes in her checklist are all marked off. Make Goals Relevant Keep in mind that goals or  statements must be relevant to each  students needs. Start slowly, choosing only a couple of behaviors  to change at any given time. Involve the student—this enables him to take responsibility and be accountable for his own modifications. Also, provide some time to enable the student to track and or graph his successes.

Sample of Essay on Seat Belts Safety

Seat Belt Safety. Seat Belt Law Should the law require automobile drivers and passengers to use safety belts? According to the World Health Organization, more than 1.24 million individuals die in road accidents in the world each year, while more than 30 million people sustain serious injuries (World Health Organization, 2013). Road accidents are also in the top five causes of death around the world, which implies the seriousness of the matter (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Albeit road accidents may be caused by a lot of reasons including driving under influence, underage driving, road conditions and car malfunctions, but the major cause of deaths in road accidents is lack of safety precautions measures, especially not using seatbelts by the drivers and passengers. Using seatbelts increases the chances of survival considerably in case of accident or crash, and even though the advantages of seatbelts have been highlighted and emphasized hundreds of times, still, people simply ignore them. Drivers and passengers fail to realize that a simple decision to wear a seatbelt or not is, in fact, a serious one and draws the line between life and death. Many individuals opt not to use seatbelts when they are travelling small distances, since they are sure that bad things will not happen to them. When any collisions occur, they might result into death or serious injuries, if seatbelts are not used (Garcà ­a-Espaà ±a, Winston, Durbin, 2012). Many countries including the United States of America and United Kingdom have already necessitated the drivers, in the eyes of the law, to put on the seatbelts. Even after enactment and implementation of such laws, many people die in road accidents, as they do not use seatbelts, but such laws help to at least reduce the number of death cases. Thus it is concluded that the law should require both automobile drivers and passengers put on safety belts for guard life purposes. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, January 11). Leading Causes of Death. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm# Garcà ­a-Espaà ±a, J. F., Winston, F. K., Durbin, D. R. (2012). Safety Belt Laws and Disparities in Safety Belt Use Among US High-School Drivers. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (6), 1128-1134. World Health Organization. (2013, March 8). 10 facts on global road safety. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/roadsafety/en/

Violence Is Defined By Behavior Involving Physical Force

Did you know that one in four women has been physically abused? How would you feel if this one person was your best friend, your aunt, your grandmother or your mother? Words. Actions. Guns. Rifles. Bombs. Explosions. What do all these words have in common? Harm. Injury. Destruction. Violence. Violence is defined by behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. Did you know that this issue causes more than 1.6 million deaths worldwide each year? In fact, is one of the leading causes of death in all parts of the world for persons ages 15 to 44. There is a problem in the way human beings understand of the concept of violence. Many people believe that violence is directly linked with war..but in†¦show more content†¦Isn’t it sad how such brutality is willingly accomplished? How Violent behaviour is pinpointed in every continent, country and city of the world. Why is it that when faced with anger, we have such a strong feeling to fight back in an overly aggressive manner. The news is full of stories about murders, kidnappings, terrorist attacks and wars. Many people have the idea that violence is the solution to everything, when in reality it is really the problem. But†¦ may I remind you that violence is not necessarily inevitable. Have you ever thought of this? There is nowhere in our biology textbooks that states that such behaviour is innate. In fact, we do not have a DNA designated for violence. In fact, the only reasonable argument behind the fact that many believe war is inevitable is because we have caused it to become this way. Over the last few decades, worries have shifted. In 1970, children and teenagers worried that it was raining outside meaning they couldn’t go to the park or to the municipal pool. But now, it is the fear of staying safe on your walk home from school or being able to travel safely for a family vacation. Today, children play with toy guns and watch television programs completely unsuitable for their age. What happened to the times when young children made Superman fly from one building to another. Or letting Thomas and his friends slowly navigate through the extensive railway system. Television is one of

Philosophy, Truth, And Nature And Meaning Of Life

A philosopher is a person who studies ideas about knowledge, truth, and the nature and meaning of life (Merriam-Webster). I would consider Socrates to be a professional philosopher because he invested his lifetime in gaining an expertise in philosophy, and also because of the impact he had on philosophy. He is, after all, known as the father of philosophy. Sophists are teachers of public speaking and forensic debating. Sophists used their skill to outwit and out-argue the rest and became aware that knowledge is power, and those with the most power rule (Schleicher). Although Socrates was not a sophist (he did not teach for money and did not seek power), the general public tended to regard him as such. What Socrates had in common with sophists was the desire for knowledge, and his persuasiveness. However, the Sophists sold their wisdom to others, mostly young, affluent men who needed to win friends and influence people through thoughtful, stimulating conversation. Like all profe ssionals, the Sophists collected fees and tended to see the ultimate payoff of education as centered squarely in human endeavors. They believed education is for skillful domestic management, acquiring and maintaining social status and, most importantly, swaying hearts and minds in the law courts and in the Assembly (Blacker, 1998). Socrates sought knowledge simply for truth. He didn’t pretend to know the truth. He had no ulterior motive, other than his desire for knowledge and truth. ThatShow MoreRelatedWestern Views On Human Nature918 Words   |  4 PagesEastern Human Nature In our quest for wisdom, the question of human nature is still up to debate. Many philosophers ranging from Socrates to Buddha has questioned the nature of human life and of our existence. But these philosophers do not share the same beliefs about our nature. Their beliefs are as different as their place of origin. Socrates’ own philosophy may not be the same as an eastern philosopher such as the Buddha. In western philosophy there is often a focus on the individual in theRead MoreThe Evolution of Western Thought Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthe study of the nature of beauty in the fine arts. Western philosophy is usually considered to have begun in ancient Greece as an assumption about the underlying nature of the physical world. In its earliest form it was indistinguishable from natural science. Gradually, further developments were made in the field of philosophy throughout time. Modern philosophy brought about a new era of thought. The word â€Å"modern† in philosophy originally meant â€Å"new†. Modern philosophy was considered toRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Religion : Thomas Aquinas And Fredrich Nietzsche1364 Words   |  6 Pagesmost suitable, important, and critical in their spiritual lives. However, the Philosophy of Religion caters to everyone, not just believers. 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Understanding philosophy is the key in motivating us as individuals to exploreRead MoreThe Nature of Truth Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesThe Nature of Truth The nature of truth has been linked with the good and the beautiful as one of mans supreme values. The pursuit of truth is indistinguishable in practice from the pursuit of knowledge, whether about the environment, nature, ethnical duties and ideas, or the relation to the divine.( Boodin 208-209 ) The complete understanding of the nature of truth is not humanely achievable. From the natural events in our lives, we have ideas that we find are our personal truthsRead MoreWhat Is Philosophy According to Socrates Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is philosophy according to Socrates? Philosophy is an academic subject that exercises reason and logic in an attempt to understand reality and answer fundamental questions about knowledge, life, morality, virtue, and human nature. 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A gadfly agitates a horse out of sluggishness and ends up benefitting the horse as it ends up feedingRead MoreEssay on The Nature of Socratic Philosophy516 Words   |  3 PagesThe Nature of Socratic Philosophy The original word for philosophy steams from the Greek word philosopha,meaning love of wisdom. Although Socrates himself never claimed to have any answers to the questions he raised, his views and methods of philosophy are the cornerstone of what philosophy is today. The nature of philosophy, as viewed by Socrates, is centred around the wellness of the soul, virtue being defined as knowledge and the pursuit of truth through the questioning of beliefs. SocratesRead MorePhilosophy Is The Love Of Wisdom919 Words   |  4 Pagestextbook, philosophy is the â€Å"love of wisdom.† Philosophy shows us the different forms of nature and how you see the world through logic and reasoning instead of faith and emotion. 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Kalma Chowk Underpass Free Essays

Punjab Chief Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif inaugurated the largest Kalma Chowk underpass of the history of the country. Addressing the ceremony held on the occasion, the Chief Minister said that completion of the largest underpass in a record period of 82 days is a great achievement which was possible due to the collective efforts of the entire team working on the project. He congratulated the concerned departments, members assembly, contractors and labourers who worked on the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Kalma Chowk Underpass or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Chief Minister said that the underpass consisting of seven lanes has been completed at a cost of Rs. billion in a record period of 82 days. He gave away cheque for Rs. 25 lakh to the labourers who worked on the project. Shahbaz Sharif said that transparency, quality and speedy completion of development projects, is the hallmark of Punjab government. He said that modern infrastructure is essential for rapid development. The Chief Minister said that Punjab government has spent millions of rupees on the improvement of infrastructure throughout the province and a network of roads, bridges and underpasses has been laid due to which economic and trade activities have increased in the province. Director General LDA while giving briefing about the Kalma Chowk underpass, informed that this project has been completed by working round the clock and one lakh sixty thousand vehicles will pass through this underpass daily. Later, the Chief Minister inaugurated underpass and passed through it. Earlier, the Chief Minister inaugurated the Peco Road Ramp constructed alongside Lahore Bridge by unveiling plaque and offered Dua. Members Assembly Naseer Bhutta, Ramzan Siddique Bhatti, DG LDA, DCO Lahore, officials of NLC and a large number of people were present on the occasion. Talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif said that facility has been provided to the residents of Kot Lakhpat and other adjoining localities due to construction of ramp. Dost Muhammad Khosa calls on Shahbaz Sharif, expresses his complete confidence in party leadership: Former Chief Minister Punjab, Dost Muhammad Khosa called on Punjab Chief Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif at Raiwind today. Senior Advisor Senator Sirdar Zulfiqar Ali Khan Khosa and Member Provincial Assembly Sirdar Hassamuddin Khosa were also present on the occasion. Dost Muhammad Khosa while expressing his complete confidence in the leadership of President PML-N Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Chief Minister Punjab Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif, reiterated that he will continue to work as a party worker and make efforts for further strengthening the party in the area. Talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif said that workers are precious asset of the party and they are like children in the eyes of party heads. How to cite Kalma Chowk Underpass, Papers

Blend of Old and Contemporary Scientific Management

Scientific management itself is a profoundly self explanatory term to imbibe the principles of science into the arena of management. Isnt it a perfect blend which did revolutionized the manufacturing practices long ago and which can left an indelible imprint over the strategies and functionalities of the management world. This was a radical change in the history of manufacturing and management. Taylorism and inherent concepts The core concepts were to fragment a line of tasks into smaller modules and considering labor as raw materials of workforce for production. There was a division of labor tasks to increase productivity and enhance efficiency. Taylor described the process by scientifically modulating the task into smaller parts for catering to the best developmental fashion of production. Training and coaching should be provided prior to the production practices so as to enhance efficiency in work and faster production practices. Henry Ford introduced a new innovation into the field of manufacturing by transporting the modules and the production units to the employees to fasten up the process of production and hence to create history in the manufacturing process. Ford was highly inspired by the ideologies of Taylor to break up the tasks and hence he added onto his concepts and tremendously amazing idea of assembly lining. Legacy of Call Centers The jobs at call centers have been highly influenced by the concepts and framework of Taylorism defined years and years ago. Jobs in these ares are fragmented and decentralized to lower levels of management and operation. Operators are assigned individual atomic jobs to receive phone calls or take charge of outbound calls. Moreover sometimes, task fragmentation is also undertaken in the fields of credit cards, loans, product selling, ticket sales etc. Practice of Taylorism till date is widely exemplified by the practices followed in organizations like call centers and is a startling proof of long lasting legacy of the mode and philosophy of Taylor. There is a separation of mental and manual employees to optimize their work and refine the planning and production skills. Call centers are clear reflection of Taylorism concepts. An unprecedented level of control was leveraged with the use of highly well defined scripts used in aid of computer tasks to ensure compliance. They have high supervision and monitoring tasks. As described by Taylor, prepared and well defined scripts were given for reference which removed process of thinking from process of doing. The task of thinking lies in the hands of management with service task given to operators to function. Planning and production are separate lines of business and must be handled by separate hands for efficient and effective management. The contemporary practices Thought the strategies and concepts of mass production and assembly line manufacturing have been overpowered by various other methodologies like lean manufacturing and agile manufacturing techniques but there are areas and industries till date for which mass production and assembly lining suits the best. Companies which need to manufacture similar products in large quantities without much planning and involvement of management still use assembly line strategies and some companies in third world companies which cannot afford agile manufacturing practices are still into assembly line. Some of the examples are Coca-Cola, Unilever, PG, fast food restaurants like McDonalds etc. Th mass production and assembly lining was adopted by food chain restaurants to swiftly become able to cater to the ever increasing demands of customers. Though Taylorism has been used in modern era too but the age old concepts are obsolete and have been redefined by adding onto other functionalities into modular functioning of tasks. The job fragmentation now-a-days is been specialized and integrated seamlessly into the management of the organization. Decentralized approach leads to production employees being able to plan and have a stance in decision making of the company. Many companies in Australia, America or Europe are getting into agile practices with the essence of becoming flexible in order to adopt changes and adapt to the dynamism of the consumer market. The study of time and motion is being replaced by the concept of productivity and to get things done in the best possible manner. Taylorism and Fayolism in practice There has been management concepts being highlighted into the picture from the eyes of Taylor and Fayol. Fayol highlighted the concepts of authority and implementation of powers whereas, Taylor put more focus over the work organization and its efficiency. The scientific management principles brought a revolution in the area of manufacturing. Fayol on the other hand collected and presented principles of management focusing over administration of management. He suggested to start from top management and filter down the hierarchy which also suggested the Taylors approach to separate planing from functioning. But there is a contrast that Taylors process of management was bottom up but Fayol viewed this approach as top down breakdown. He stressed upon division of work among planning and production which was also supported by Taylor. He is the father of modern operational theory of management whereas Taylor was father of scientific management. People were valuable assets according to the t heory of Fayol. The contemporary world Hence, there were drastic changes in 20th century starting from the key ideologies of Taylor to break up the tasks into smaller units, coming onto the approach of Ford to start assembly line manufacturing around the world so as to accelerate the production system. Thereafter, Fayol integrated various theories and concepts of management and presented a profound description of management principles as a summary for effective business marketing. But in todays world the definitions of management have been changed and redefined from the eyes of age old theorists and management experts to the new arenas of inculcating previous practices into present methodologies to extract out the best from all the theories and to imbibe then into the principles of manufacturing and management.

Public Policy free essay sample

It prohibited the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The government felt that to reduce the alcohol consumption they would eliminate any businesses that manufactured, distributed or sold alcohol (Grahm, 2012) . Prohibition proved to be a failure from the start. The laws pertaining to prohibition were so elusive that it subsequently added too many of the problems that it intended to solve. The following is a summary of the temperance movements leading to the 18th Amendment of the Constitution and the benefits and detriments of Prohibition. Temperance movements were vital keys to the ratification of the eighteenth amendment. Temperance at first meant abstaining from distilled liquors, but later would be the complete avoidance of alcohol. Temperance movements started in 1840 with the religious denominations, 1869 with the Prohibition Party, 1874 with the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and 1893 with the Anti-Social Saloon League (Wikipedia, 2012). These movements were the primary advocates that passed the 18th Amendment of the Constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order for an amendment to be passed the House of Representatives and the Senate must ratify by three quarters vote. On January 29, 1919, with votes of 255 to 166 (Wikipedia, 2012), the Secretary of State announced that on January 16th thirty-six states had ratified the amendment and therefore it had become a part of the Constitution. This prohibited the state to sell, barter, manufacture, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquors. There were exemptions for medical needs and near beer was allowed as long as it contained a maximum of 5% alcohol (Grahm, 2012). Ultimatley, Prohibition failed because it tried to eliminate the supply of alcohol without reducing the demand for alcohol. The economic law of supply and demand tells us that this will result in a price increase and big incentives to break the law. Works Cited Grahm, C. (2012). The United States Prohibition of Alcohol 1920-1933. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from

Free Essays on Emile Durkheim

EMILE DURKHEIM Functionalism as a Sociological Perspective Functionalism is often referred to as ‘consensus’ theory because it doesn’t address the issue of conflict in society, rather it projects and ideal picture of harmonious social relationships. Historical Background It emerged in Europe in the 19th century as a response to what was perceived as a crisis of social order. This crisis seemed to be the result of two developments: - 1. The emergence of a new industrial society with it’s subsequent loss of community – poor working conditions, increase in crime, growth of housing slums, poverty etc. 2. The French revolution which suggested ideals of equality, happiness and freedom of the individual. 3. These historical conditions which were seen to approximate a crisis of economic and political order thus gave rise to a very conservative type of sociology which reflects a concern with the need for social order and integration. This is necessary if the social and economic crisis was to be overcome and controlled. Main ideas in Functionalism The starting point of all Functionalism is that all societies have certain basic needs - Functional requirements which must be met if a society is to survive. Functionalists are therefore concerned with the contribution the various parts of a society make towards those needs. All Functionalism is concerned with the basic need and desirability for social order and stability to prevail in society. Explaining Social Order In explaining the basis of social order in societies the starting point for Functionalists is to look at whole societies and not the individual; they explore the ways in which the various parts which make up a society function to maintain social order. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain a healthy whole in much the same way that... Free Essays on Emile Durkheim Free Essays on Emile Durkheim EMILE DURKHEIM Functionalism as a Sociological Perspective Functionalism is often referred to as ‘consensus’ theory because it doesn’t address the issue of conflict in society, rather it projects and ideal picture of harmonious social relationships. Historical Background It emerged in Europe in the 19th century as a response to what was perceived as a crisis of social order. This crisis seemed to be the result of two developments: - 1. The emergence of a new industrial society with it’s subsequent loss of community – poor working conditions, increase in crime, growth of housing slums, poverty etc. 2. The French revolution which suggested ideals of equality, happiness and freedom of the individual. 3. These historical conditions which were seen to approximate a crisis of economic and political order thus gave rise to a very conservative type of sociology which reflects a concern with the need for social order and integration. This is necessary if the social and economic crisis was to be overcome and controlled. Main ideas in Functionalism The starting point of all Functionalism is that all societies have certain basic needs - Functional requirements which must be met if a society is to survive. Functionalists are therefore concerned with the contribution the various parts of a society make towards those needs. All Functionalism is concerned with the basic need and desirability for social order and stability to prevail in society. Explaining Social Order In explaining the basis of social order in societies the starting point for Functionalists is to look at whole societies and not the individual; they explore the ways in which the various parts which make up a society function to maintain social order. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain a healthy whole in much the same way that... Free Essays on Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine on April 15, 1858. He was the s on of a rabbi and descending from a long line of rabbis, he decided early that he would follow the family tradition and become a rabbi himself. He studied Hebrew, the Old Testament, and the Talmud, while following the regular course of in secular schools. He soon turned away from all religious involvement, though purposely not from interest in religious phenomena, and became a freethinker, or non-believer. At about the time of his graduation he decided that he would dedicate himself to the scientific study of society. Since sociology was not a subject either at the secondary schools or at the university, Durkheim launched a career as a teacher in philosophy. Emile Durkheim made many contributions to the study of society, suicide, the division of labor, solidarity and religion. Raised in a time of troubles in France, Durkheim spent much of his talent justifying order and commitment to or der. Durkheim was a pioneer French sociologist, taught at Bordeaux (1887-1902) and the University of Paris (1902-17). He introduced the system and hypothetical framework of accurate social science. Durkheim was author of The Division of Labour (1893), Rules of Sociological Method (1895), Suicide (1897), Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1915). Emile Durkheim has often been characterized as the founder of professional sociology. He has a great closeness with the two introductory sociologists, Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim willingly noticed the ideas of the Division of Labor and the Biological Analogy. Both ideas which had been differently well developed by Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim’s holism approach said that sociology should focus on and study large social operations and cultures. He used functionalism, an approach of studying social and cultural phenomena as a set of interdependent parts, to find out the roles these institutions and processes pl...

John Fremont - John C. Fremont - Civil War - Valley Campaign

John Fremont - John C. Fremont - Civil War - Valley Campaign John C. Frmont - Early Life: Born January 21, 1813, John C. Frà ©mont was the illegitimate son of Charles Fremon (formerly Louis-Renà © Frà ©mont) and Anne B. Whiting. The daughter of a socially prominent Virginia family, Whiting began an affair with Fremon while she was married to Major John Pryor. Leaving her husband, Whiting and Fremon ultimately settled in Savannah. Though Pryor sought a divorce, it was not granted by the Virginia House of Delegates. As a result, Whiting and Fremon were never able to marry. Raised in Savannah, their son pursued a classical education and began attending the College of Charleston in the late 1820s. John C. Frmont - Going West: In 1835, he received an appointment to serve as a teacher of mathematics aboard USS Natchez. Remaining on board for two years, he left to pursue a career in civil engineering. Appointed a second lieutenant in the US Armys Corps of Topographical Engineers, he began taking part in surveying expeditions in 1838. Working with Joseph Nicollet, he aided in mapping the lands between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Having gained experience, he was tasked with charting the Des Moines River in 1841. That same year, Frà ©mont married Jessie Benton, the daughter of powerful Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton. The following year, Frà ©mont was ordered to prepare an expedition to South Pass (in present-day Wyoming). In planning the expedition, he met noted frontiersman Kit Carson and contracted him to guide the party. This marked the first of several collaborations between the two men. The expedition to South Pass proved a success and over the next four years Frà ©mont and Carson explored the Sierra Nevadas and other lands along the Oregon Trail. Earning some fame for his exploits in the west, Frà ©mont was given the nickname The Pathfinder. John C. Frmont - Mexican-American War: In June 1845, Frà ©mont and Carson departed St. Louis, MO with 55 men for an expedition up the Arkansas River. Rather than follow the expeditions stated goals, Frà ©mont diverted the group and marched directly to California. Arriving in the Sacramento Valley, he worked to agitate American settlers against the Mexican government. When this nearly led to a clash with Mexican troops under General Josà © Castro, he withdrew north to Klamath Lake in Oregon. Alerted to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, he moved south and worked with American settlers to form the California Battalion (US Mounted Rifles). Serving as its commander, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, Frà ©mont worked with Commodore Robert Stockton, commander of the US Pacific Squadron, to wrest the coastal towns of California away from the Mexicans. During the campaign, his men captured Santa Barbara and Los Angeles. On January 13, 1847, Frà ©mont concluded the Treaty of Cahuenga with Governor Andres Pico which terminated the fighting in California. Three days later, Stockton appointed him the military governor of California. His rule proved short-lived as the recently arrived Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny asserted that the post was rightly his. John C. Frmont - Entering Politics: Initially refusing to yield the governorship, Frà ©mont was court-martialed by Kearny and convicted of mutiny and disobedience. Though quickly pardoned by President James K. Polk, Frà ©mont resigned his commission and settled in California at Rancho Las Mariposas. In 1848-1849, he conducted a failed expedition to scout a route for a railroad from St. Louis to San Francisco along the 38th Parallel. Returning to California, he was appointed one of the states first US senators in 1850. Serving for a year, he soon became involved with the newly-formed Republican Party. An opponent to the expansion of slavery, Frà ©mont became prominent within the party and was nominated as its first presidential candidate in 1856. Running against Democrat James Buchanan and American Party candidate Millard Fillmore, Frà ©mont campaigned against the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the growth of slavery. Though defeated by Buchanan, he finished second and showed that the party could achieve an electoral victory in 1860 with the support of two more states. Returning to private life, he was in Europe when the Civil War began in April 1861. John C. Frmont - The Civil War: Eager to aid the Union, he purchased a large amount of arms before returning to the United States. In May 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Frà ©mont a major general. Though largely done for political reasons, Frà ©mont was soon dispatched to St. Louis to command the Department of the West. Arriving in St. Louis, he began fortifying the city and quickly moved to bring Missouri into the Union camp. While his forces campaigned in the state with mixed results, he remained in St. Louis. Following a defeat at Wilsons Creek in August, he declared martial law in the state. Acting without authorization, he began confiscating property belonging to secessionists as well as issued an order emancipating slaves. Stunned by Frà ©monts actions and concerned they would hand Missouri to the South, Lincoln immediately directed him to revoke his orders. Refusing, he dispatched his wife to Washington, DC to argue his case. Ignoring her arguments, Lincoln relieved Frà ©mont on November 2, 1861. Though the War Department issued a report detailing Frà ©monts failings as a commander, Lincoln was politically pressured into giving him another command. As a result, Frà ©mont was appointed to lead the Mountain Department, which comprised parts of Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, in March 1862. In this role, he conducted operations against Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. Through the late spring of 1862, Frà ©monts men were beaten at McDowell (May 8) and he was personally defeated at Cross Keys (June 8). In late June, Frà ©monts command was slated to join Major General John Popes newly-formed Army of Virginia. As he was senior to Pope, Frà ©mont refused this assignment and returned to his home in New York to await another command. None was forthcoming. John C. Frmont - 1864 Election Later Life: Still noteworthy within the Republican Party, Frà ©mont was approached in 1864 by hard-line Radical Republicans who disagreed with Lincolns lenient positions on postwar reconstruction of the South. Nominated for president by this group, his candidacy threatened to split the party. In September 1864, Frà ©mont abandoned his bid after negotiating the removal of Postmaster General Montgomery Blair. Following the war, he purchased the Pacific Railroad from the state of Missouri. Reorganizing it as the Southwest Pacific Railroad in August 1866, he lost it the following year when he was unable to make payments on the purchase debt. Having lost most of his fortune, Frà ©mont returned to public service in 1878 when he was appointed governor of the Arizona Territory. Holding his position until 1881, he was largely dependent on income from his wifes writing career. Retiring to Staten Island, NY, he died in New York City on July 13, 1890. Selected Sources Civil War: John C. FremontCalifornia Military Museum: John C. Fremont Biographical Dictionary of the US Congress: John C. Fremont

WA 11-12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WA 11-12 - Essay Example This is because, in times of crisis a firm would still need an accountant to supervise and manage the company’s cash inflow and outflow. So the job has comparatively lesser risks attached to it. Also, being an accountant one can understand the company’s financial standing and predict the future functioning of the company. So through this information they can stay well informed and make better decisions like investing in stocks and shares or not. The majority of stocks are traded on stock exchanges. Stock exchange is a medium of communication between the buyer and seller. Stock exchange can be a physical place or a virtual place where purchasers and sellers meet up and negotiate on a price of the stock. The main aim of the stock exchange is to lessen the risks linked up with investing and smooth the swap of securities between the buyer and seller. New York Stock Exchange or NYSC is one of the most renowned stock exchanges and it is also known as the â€Å"Big Board†. Huge companies in America like Mc Donalds, Coca Cola, Wal Mart, City Group, Gillette have their stocks in NYSE which has the largest market choice for the biggest firms. The orders are received through the brokerage firms and they stream down to the floor brokers who cover a precise place on the floor where the stocks are traded. This place is identified as the trading post where the person known as the specialist links the buyers and sellers. The NASDAQ is another famous stock exchange. It is a virtual stock exchange and doesn’t have any physical location. The stocks are traded electronically through a complex network of dealers. It serves as a home to the tech masters like Microsoft, Dell, Oracle, Intel, Cisco. The American Stock Exchange, AMEX is another top of the line stock exchange in the U.S and stands third in the ranking. Trading with small cap stocks and their derivatives occurs in AMEX. There

HEMP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HEMP - Research Paper Example tral Asia as well as South Asia, existence of Hemp can be traced back to third millennium and during 2003 a basket made up of leather was figured out near a twenty eight hundred year old mummified shaman, the basket contained remains of cannabis leaf. The existence of this drug can be traced in India and its existence is even stated in the Sanskrit. The psychoactive elements of this herb were recognized by the Aryans, the herb was even utilized for ritual purposes, used by cults related to pharmacology. It is even said to be used by Jews, Muslims and Christians in their religious practices. According to John Gregory Bourke, Hemp was used by the Mexican community to heal various health issues such as asthma and to accelerate delivery of child. According to Bourke, the herb is a very prominent negative finding of the East side of the world and the herb has an ability to make individuals conduct anti-social behaviour. During the early period of the 20th century, the drug was banned and criminalized. During 1906, US banned its use, later in 1911, South Africa even joined the process of banning hemp, in the 20s of the nineteenth century, and it was banned by the government of New Zealand and United Kingdom. Later in the 1937 era, US passed an act to restrict the production of this drug; this act was recognized as Marihuana Tax Act. Around more than 5000 years ago, hemp was first used as medicine for various illnesses such as female health issues, malaria and constipation, later it was recommended to be used as analgesic for surgical purposes. Hemp has been used in India as a means of relieving headache, decreasing fever and inducing sleep and increasing the functionality rate of mind. In Africa, this herb was used for similar purposes, even in modern days; it is used before childbirth and to treat poison from snake bites. High medical value was attached to the herb by the Europeans during the period of the 5th and the 15th century, during 1621, it was even recommended

Bacteria on Stainless Steel Surfaces | Experiment

Bacteria on Stainless Steel Surfaces | Experiment The attachment of bacteria on food processing surfaces and in the environment can cause potential cross-contamination, which can lead to food spoilage, possible food safety concerns, and surface destruction. Food contact surfaces used for food handling, storage or processing are areas where microbial contamination commonly occurs. Even with proper cleaning and sanitation regimes or practices in place, bacteria can remain attached to the surfaces and this attachment can lead to biofilm formation. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of pathogenic microorganism in a food processing area and to evaluate the effect of the cleaning procedure on the microbial load in the food processing area. Ten replicate food contact surfaces were tested: stainless steel, marble and wood, with adjacent areas being sampled before and after cleaning. The test surfaces were analyzed with a swab method before and after the cleaning stage. The results of these studies indicate that three of ten stainless steel surface were contaminated before cleaning and no surface was contaminated after cleaning. Furthermore, three out of ten marble surfaces were contaminated before cleaning and one surface was contaminated after cleaning. Six of ten wood surfaces were heavily contaminated before cleaning and three surfaces were contaminated after cleaning. The difficulty in cleaning was related to the amount of surface damage and it is best to avoid this type of surface. Hypochlorite solution that was used for cleaning the surfaces in this study was considered to be effective against the foodborne pathogens tested. This study has highlighted the fact that pathogens remain viable on dry stainless steel surfaces and present a contamination hazard for considerable periods of time, dependent on the contamination levels and type of pathogen. Keywords: Microorganisms; Survival; Cross-contamination; Food contact surface Introduction Food contact surfaces are the chief denizen of biofilm that can host potentially harmful microorganisms. This, therefore, is a prominent phenomenon in food processing plants owing to dregs and residues of all sorts chemical, biological, organic, and/or inorganic -which build up on the surfaces of equipments that may get in contact with food (Mafu et al. 2010). The presence of these undesirable microorganisms to the material surfaces is a source of concern, as this can result in food cross-contamination, leading to food poisoning. Under favourable circumstances (temperature, pH, relative humidity), pathogenic microorganisms are able to survive and/or replicate on a large scale within the biofilm. In domestic kitchens and food processing industries, foodborne illness can result from incorrect storage of foods, particularly with respect to temperature, contamination of raw or cooked foods before consumption, by contact with other foods or utensils (food contact surfaces ) carrying path ogens, and inadequate cleaning procedures that may not see complete removal of microorganisms (Teixeira et al. 2007). In food processing industries, food contact surfaces, such as stainless steel, marble and wood may create an enabling environment for the survival of the microorganism, leading to serious hygienic problems. Furthermore, dead ends, corners, joints, valves and any other hard-to-reach places are the most appropriate areas for the presence of bacteria. (Peng et al. 2001). The value of maintenance and disinfection processes in food processing industries depends, to a large extent, on the design and maintenance programmes adopted by the company. Lack of efficacy in cleaning procedures may allow persistence and survival of pathogens in foods owing to their consistent adherence to food contact surfaces. This may lead to transfer of microorganisms from people, objects or contaminated food to other food or material, hence leading to cross-contamination. People can, in many ways, be a source of cross-contamination to foods (Holah and Thorpe, 1990). Food can be contaminated when it is handled, so it is very important that people who may be carrying or suffering from certain diseases do not handle food. Contamination can also be passed from equipment when contacting food. It specifically happens when utensils or equipment are not efficiently cleaned and sanitized between each use and may lead to development of biofilm, creating favourable conditions for the survival of the pathogens. Contamination from food to food occurs mainly when raw foods come into contact with cooked or prepared foods (Montville et al. 2001). The persistent presence of microorganisms in food processing factories, specifically on food contact surfaces despite deliberate efforts to combat the phenomenon, poses great challenges to the company. It reduces the profit margins of the industries due to the increased cost incurred in the attempts to adopt advanced cleaning services and programmes. A potential effect of the presence of microorganisms on food surfaces is food poisoning. Occurrence of food poisoning will mean great damage to the image of the company and persistent stress on the part of the management, thus derailing the progress of the company. Cross contamination is also becoming a common problem both in the kitchen setting and in industry. Transfer of resistant pathogens and microorganisms across and around these food producers through various agents and factors that propagate and carry the pathogens is a health hazard. Studies show that the level of contamination varies depending on the duplication and the rate of material handling that occurs in the factory. In this context, therefore, workersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ hands, utensils and the broad extension of all food contact surfaces contribute to in cross contamination (Zhao et al. 1998). A thorough examination of the whole concept of microbial survival and persistence on food contact surfaces despite typical cleaning procedures and revised designs of the food contact surfaces (such as textural properties, maintained solid surface hydrophobicity) will reveal that more detailed analysis and studies should be focused on the factors that create an enabling environment for the persistent replication and presence of the foodborne pathogens in the food processing industries and kitchen setting (Scott and Bloomfield, 1990). The study of various relevant properties for the microbial adhesion process has been another imperative goal of this study and the purpose behind it is to obtain a broader knowledge base of the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to food contact surfaces so as to formulate strategies for its control. The objective of this study is to identify the microorganisms that can survive in the food contact surface, such as stainless steel, marble and wood, even after cleaning procedures, thus increasing the risk of food cross-contamination. The study will focus on microorganisms that survive in the food processing areas even after the cleaning procedure. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria adhere to inert surfaces; they may exhibit a greater scale of resistance to chemical or ordinary cleaning and fumigating agents (Barnes et al. 1999). The concept of cross contamination is of major concern in the food processing industries that constitute a threat to human health because they cause most food borne illness outbreaks. Food poisoning is one of the consequences of adherence of microorganisms to food contact surfaces (Sattar et al. 2001). Materials and Methods Premises In order to assess the microbiological safety of a food processing area in Oman, three types of food contact surfaces were studied: Stainless steel, marble and wood. Ten surfaces of each of the three types were tested, with the adjacent areas of each one being sampled before and after cleaning. This study was performed randomly in nineteen selected Army camps kitchen. Data analysis Swabs were taken from the food processing area within the Royal Army camps kitchen and sent to the food microbiology laboratory of the environmental of health unit for analysis. The swabs were each tested for pathogenic bacteria linked with food and coliforms that can survive on the surface of food preparation areas before and after cleaning. The plates were read for the number of colonies of pathogenic bacteria and coliforms. A Phoenix machine was used to identify the bacteria and readings were taken directly from the Phoenix machine. A Phoenix is automated microbiology system is intended to provide rapid identification results for most aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram positive bacteria as well as most aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram negative bacteria. The identification of the Phoeonix panal uses a series of conventional, chromogenic and fluorogenic biochemical tests to identify the organism. The growth-based and enzymatic substrates are employed to cover the different types of reactivity among the range of taxa. The tests are based on the use of bacteria and deterioration of specific substrates detected by different indicator systems. Acid production is indicated by a change in phenol red indicator when an isolate is able to utilize a carbohydrate substrate. A yellow colour is produce by Chromogenic substrates upon enzymatic hydrolysis and the enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates results in the release of a fluorescent coumarin derivation. Organisms that utilize a specific carbon source reduce the resazurine based indicator. These results were recorded and the log reduction was calculated for each plate at each dilution rate after and before cleaning of the surface (BD Phoenix, 2007). Sampling methods and microbiological examination (Before Cleaning) Tests using the swab method were carried out on surfaces contaminated with food borne pathogens in a food processing area. Tubes containing 10 ml of sterile buffered peptone saline solution were used to wet the swabs prior to sampling. Cotton swabs were removed from their sterile packaging and were held by the stick while they were moistened with buffered peptone saline solution, the excess broth was returned into the bottle. All surfaces were prepared in sizes of 20 x 20 cm2 for survival experiments. The swabs were rotated while in contact with the food preparation surface. After the defined area was swabbed, the swab was returned to the test tube containing the buffered peptone saline solution to dislodge the bacteria. Serial dilutions of the swab solutions were prepared and duplicate pour plates were prepared for each dilution using nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Blood agar. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. Sampling methods and microbiological examination (After Cleaning) The surfaces were washed with hot water and chemical detergent and then rinsed with hot water. Then the surfaces (stainless steel, marble, and wood) were disinfected with 5.25% of hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes. The surfaces were allowed to dry before sampling. The swabbing method used was as above. Duplicate pour plates were prepared for each dilution using nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Blood agar. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. Sampling methods and microbiological examination (Control) Some of the food borne pathogen strains used as a control for these experiments on the surfaces (stainless steel, marble, and wood), such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were obtained from the Armed Forces Hospital Laboratory. For their control strains a clean stainless steel table without tiny groove was prepared as the food contact surface because it can be fabricated with a smooth cleanable finish. The table also was disinfected with 5.25 % of hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes. The surface was then washed with hot water, with chemical detergent and rinsed with hot water. The surface was allowed to dry before sampling. The test suspensions were prepared by making serial dilutions of the microorganisms in peptone saline solution. Two different levels of contamination were prepared: high contamination (approximately 106 colony forming units (CFU)/100 cm2) and low contamination (approximately 103 CFU/100 cm2), obtained by spreading 1 ml of an appropriate solution on a surface of 20 x 20 cm2 over the grid reference table. The table was allowed to dry for 15 minutes to represent the environment of food preparation area. Selective agar media were used for the enumeration of pathogens: Blood agar for Staphylococcus aureus, incubated for 24 hours at 37oC and MacConkey agar for Escherichia coli incubated for 18 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 24 hours at 37oC. Furthermore, the effects of two different contamination levels on the survival of pathogens on dry stainless steel surfaces for 24 hours at room temperature were investigated. Result Microbial survival on food contact surface (stainless steel surface) Table 1: The Colony descriptions of the microbial survival on stainless steel surface Table 1 shows the Colony descriptions result of the microorganisms isolated from stainless steel surface. Three of ten stainless steel surface were contaminated with bacteria before cleaning. Table 2: The colony count of the microbial survival on stainless steel Sample No. Serial ten-fold dilutions in deionised water diluents colony count (CFU ml-1) before cleaning colony count (CFU ml-1) After cleaning 2 3.2 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected 6 2.6 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected 9 4.3 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected Table 2 shows the result of the colony count obtained before and after cleaning of the stainless steel surface. Table 3: Gram stain result of the microbial survival on stainless steel surface Sample No.:  2 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  6 Gram stain result:  Gram positive cocci Sample No.:  9 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Table 3 show the result of the Gram stain of bacteria that were isolated from the stainless steel surface before and after the cleaning stage. Sample No.:  2 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  344 Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Klebsiella aerogenes Name of Bacteria detected After cleaning:  Not detected Sample No.:  6 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  367 Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Staphlococcus aureus Name of Bacteria detected After cleaning:  Not detected Sample No.:  9 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  382 Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Klebsiella aerogenes Name of Bacteria detected After cleaning:  Not detected Table 4: The Identification of bacteria by phoenix machine that survived on the stainless steel surface before the cleaning stage Table 4 show the result of bacterial identification that obtained by phoenix machine which was isolated from stainless steel surface before and after the cleaning stage. Microbial survival in food contact surface (Marble surface) Table 5: The Colony descriptions of the microbial survival on marble surface Sample of location No.:  1 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  2 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  3 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  Pink in colour, mucoid Blood agar:  white, large and mucous colonies Sample of location No.:  4 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  5 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  smooth, round, grayish-white colonies Sample of location No.:  6 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  7 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  8 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  9 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample of location No.:  10 Nutrient agar:  Small circular colonies, yellow in colour MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  swarming motility Table 5 shows the colony descriptions result of the microorganisms isolated from the marble surface. Three of ten marble surfaces remained contaminated with bacteria before and after cleaning. Table 6: The colony count of the microbial survival on marble surface Serial dilutions in deionised water diluents colony count (CFU ml-1) before cleaning colony count (CFU ml-1) After cleaning Sample No.:  3 *TFTC Bacteria Not Detected Sample No.:  5 5.1 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected Sample No.:  10 #TMTC TMTC *TFTC: Too Few To Count #TMTC: Too Many To Count Table 6 shows the result of the colony count obtained before and after cleaning stage of marble surface. Table 7: Gram stain result of the microbial survival on marble surface Sample No.:  3 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  5 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  10 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Table 7 show the result of the Gram stain of bacteria that was isolated from the marble surface before and after the cleaning stage. Table 8: The Identification of bacteria by phoenix machine that survived on the marble surface before the cleaning stage Sample No.:  3 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  301 Marble Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Klebsiella pneumonia Name of Bacteria detected After cleaning:  Not Detected Sample No.:  5 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  326 Marble Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Yersinia enterocolitica Name of Bacteria detected After cleaning:  Not Detected Sample No.:  10 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  381 Marble Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Proteus vulgaris Name of Bacteria detected After cleaning:  Proteus vulgaris Table 8 show the result of bacterial identification that obtained by phoenix machine which was isolated from marble surface before and after the cleaning stage. Microbial survival in food contact surface (Wood surface) Table 9: The Colony descriptions of the microbial survival on wood surface Sample location No.:  1 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  Non-lactose fermenters colonies Blood agar:  White, non haemolytic colonies Sample location No.:  2 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample location No.:  3 Nutrient agar:  smooth, translucent large colonies , greenish blue growth and pigment diffuses into medium MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  large brownish colonies Sample location No.:  4 Nutrient agar:  White, smooth, round colonies MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample location No.:  5 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample location No.:  6 Nutrient agar:  Circular, smooth, opaque colonies MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  swarming motility Sample location No.:  7 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Sample location No.:  8 Nutrient agar:  smooth, translucent large colonies , greenish blue growth and pigment diffuses into medium MacConkey agar:  slight pink colonies Blood agar:  large brownish colonies Sample location No.:  9 Nutrient agar:  smooth, translucent large colonies , greenish blue growth and pigment diffuses into medium MacConkey agar:  slight pink colonies Blood agar:  No Growth Sample location No.:  10 Nutrient agar:  No Growth MacConkey agar:  No Growth Blood agar:  No Growth Table 9 shows the colony descriptions result of the microorganisms isolated from the wood surface. Six of ten wood surfaces remained contaminated with bacteria before and after cleaning. Table 10: The colony count of the microbial survival on wood surface Sample No.:   Serial ten-fold dilutions in deionised water diluents colony count (CFU ml-1) before cleaning colony count (CFU ml-1) After cleaning Sample No.:  1 6.4 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected Sample No.:  3 5.3 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected Sample No.:  4 2.7 x 102 Bacteria Not Detected Sample No.:  6 TMTC TMTC Sample No.:  8 1.67 x 103 2.9 x 102 Sample No.:  9 9.3 x 102 3.6 x 102 Table 10 shows the result of the colony count obtained before and after cleaning stage of wood surface. Table 11: Gram stain result of the microbial survival on wood surface Sample No.:  1 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  3 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  4 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  6 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  8 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Sample No.:  9 Gram stain result:  Gram negative, rod shape Table 11 show the result of the Gram stain of bacteria that was isolated from the wood surface before and after the cleaning stage. Table 12: The Identification of bacteria by phoenix machine that survived on wood surface before the cleaning stage Sample No.:  1 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  86 wood Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Acinetobacter baumannii Name of Bacteria detected after cleaning:  Not Detected Sample No.:  3 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  301 wood Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Pseudomonas spp Name of Bacteria detected after cleaning:  Not Detected Sample No.:  4 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  326 wood Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Enterobacter hafinae alvei Name of Bacteria detected after cleaning:  Not Detected Sample No.:  6 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  342 wood Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Proteus vulgaris Name of Bacteria detected after cleaning:  Proteus vulgaris Sample No.:  8 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  369 wood Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa Name of Bacteria detected after cleaning:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sample No.:  9 Sample No. In phoenix machine:  385 wood Name of Bacteria detected before cleaning:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa Name of Bacteria detected after cleaning:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa Table 12 shows the result of bacterial identification that obtained by phoenix machine which was isolated from wood surface before and after the cleaning stage. Control Table 13: Survival of Staph aureus and E.coli on stainless steel surfaces Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Time of swab process after contamination High contamination level (106 colony) CFU/100 cm2 Low contamination level (103 colony) CFU/100 cm2 High contamination level (106 colony) CFU/100 cm2 Low contamination level (103 colony) CFU/100 cm2 After 15 minute 2.0 x 107 1.0 x 104 1.6 x 107 5.2 x 103 After 2 Hours 1.73 x 107 9.1 x 103 8.3 x 106 1.8 x 103 After 6 Hours 1.3 x 107 3.8 x 103 2.1 x 106 No growth After 12 Hours 5.8 x 106 No Growth No Growth No growth After 24 Hours No growth No Growth No Growth No growth Table 13 shows the survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on stainless steel surfaces at room temperature (25oC) for 24 hours at two contamination level; high contamination level of (106 colony CFU/100 cm2) and Low contamination level (103 colony CFU/100 cm2). Discussion Sampling food contact surfaces is a complex problem, and the results depend on many factors, including the type of surface, the cleaning solution, the sources of contamination, and the temperature. The accuracy and reproducibility of all sampling methods are reduced when the numbers of bacteria on the surface are low. Some differences between methods are probably due to an uneven distribution of bacteria on the surface. The type of surface markedly influenced the cleaning results. For this study, nineteen selected premises were tested/studied (Ten replicate surfaces were tested; stainless steel, marble and wood, with adjacent areas being sampled before and after cleaning). The results of these studies indicate that three of ten stainless steel surfaces were contaminated before cleaning the surfaces and no surface was contaminated after cleaning, which means that stainless steel surfaces were more easily cleaned. Furthermore, three out of ten marble surfaces were contaminated before c leaning and one surface was contaminated after cleaning the surfaces, which means marble surfaces were easily cleaned but using the wrong cleaning products and the wrong cleaning techniques can damage the marble because marble is a calcium-based natural stone which is highly sensitive to acidic materials (Marble Institute of America, 2012). Stainless steel resists impact damage but is vulnerable to corrosion, while marble surfaces are prone to deterioration and may develop surface cracks where bacteria can accumulate (Leclercq and Lalande, 1994). Wood surfaces were particularly diffi