lasswells model of communicat Essay Example

lasswells model of communicat Essay An Evaluation of the 2004 Philippine Election Campaign Using Lasswell;s Model of Communication Comparing the recent Philippine election with the past ones, one would notice the great dependence on media during the campaign of the candidates in the recent race. It seems that most candidates really knew the extent of media;s influence in the outcome of the elections.Moreover, the results of the election further indicate how much media plays a part in our decisions for our country.Harold Lasswell;s communication model can be used to evaluate this recent event and see why some candidates prevailed and others did not. Thefirst stage of Lasswell;s model, ;Who;, seeks to explain who is in control.It would be reasonable to argue that those who were ;in control; in the campaign period were those who won seats in the government.In relation to George Gerbner;s model, those who were ;in control; were those who had access to the media.During the campaign period, TV audiences were bombarded with p olitical advertisements, of which candidates spent millions for, especially during prime time.Because of this expensive way of campaigning, we can conclude that riches played a great part in the recent elections.Money was one way of gaining access to the media in order to reach people of different sectors. Their frequent appearances have helped them gain recognition.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo reportedly spent P333 million while Fernando Poe Jr. used up 92.1 million.Noli de Castro was said to have spent P89.6 million while his main vice presidential rival, Loren Legarda spent P64.9 million. Another VP candidate, Herminio Aquino declared in his statement of expenditures and contributions a total of P6.58 million, way below compared to that of the other two other candidates; expense.Among the senatorial bets, Manuel ;Mar; Roxas, the candidate with the most vote

Information Technology on Financial Losses essays

Information Technology on Financial Losses essays If figures must be believed, the virtual world is not exactly a safe venue for business or private affairs. In its sixth annual Computer Crime and Security Survey in 2001, the Computer Security Institute of San Francisco reported on mounting financial losses to computer crimes and other information security breaches, 85% of which were incurred primarily by respondent large corporations and government agencies (Business Journal 2001). A third of these respondents said that they lost almost $400 million to cyber criminals in 2001 alone, an increase from a yearly average of $120 million in the three years before 2000 and $265 in 2000, according to the The most common forms of losses have been theft of proprietary information at an aggregate of $151 million and financial fraud at $93 million. Almost all of these occurred through their internet connection in combination with their internal systems as points of attack (Business Journal). Despite the rise of the said crimes, only one of three reported The US Department of Justice released a list of prosecuted crimes committed through the internet from 1998 to the present (2004). These crimes include the disabling of the control tower of a government facility, hacking, banditry or web banditry, theft of proprietary company information by an employee or outsider, computer sabotage, embezzlement by un- authorized sales of items or services, un-authorized access into credit card accounts, creation of destructive viruses or worms. The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 amended the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, codified as 18 USC 1030, the law against fraud and related activities in connection with computers (Department of Justice). It punishes anyone who knowingly accesses a computer internet connection without authorization or in excess of authorized access and acquires information prot...

Religion Coursework

Religion Coursework Religion Coursework Religion Coursework Writing Tips for Students If a student has to write a religion coursework, there are a lot of thing under discussion and the topic should be chosen according to the knowledge and own preferences of the student Religion as a subject is useful for the study of intercultural concepts and opinions The knowledge of the other religion principles can play a great role in the personal views. A religion course module presupposes the 40% of the final grade, so it is essential part to understand that writing religion course work should be careful and meet all the requirements. Subject of religion embraces a vast portion of the never-answered questions, so your religion coursework should base on the existing beliefs and religions studying. What Are The Main Difficulties Students Face? It is a great workload for the student to look through a plenty of books and materials. And the difficulty lies also in the fact, that religion is connected with other sciences such as ethics and philosophies, so many students become confused while getting an assignment to write a religion coursework: Using different methods during analysis will be a great plus to the grade, because historical comparison and literary critics can tell much religion and its essence within the bounce of the humanitarian sciences. Also a student can choose own topic, but sometimes it is not an easy cake to cook, especially if a student should choose the topic within the bounds of the given area. The areas can be branches of the religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and others. Often a student can be offered to write about the religion, which is not his or her own. It is done for the students can learn about the environmental world more and can discuss and compare the level of the development and also in some cases to choose the right direction for own living. The Aims of The Writing Religion Coursework Can Be Following: Disclosing an ability of a student in discussion and telling in own words about other beliefs and traditions. The history is a rich science and there are a lot of directions where young scientists can try their efforts. Investigation of the various events and societies within one religion. This knowledge can help in the future to develop the intellectual level of student. Various symbols can be discussed in the religion coursework. Comparison of two or more branches of religions. You have an excellent opportunity to try your analysis ability and have double-learning of two religions. It would be great if you take two religions, which are unknown to you and you will be a real researcher. Discussion of religion in general. The student may look through the main causes, which influences the person and his or her beliefs. Writers of our team are devoted to the hard work on the given topic and assignment. They know how to write an exclusive essay, dissertation or religion coursework. Wide experience and high professionalism of our team can assure you that the maximum satisfaction will be if you will order the work at our site. Read also: College Application Essay American College Essay Assistance University Admission Essay Statement of purpose essay Scholarship Essay Format

Who should receive experimental treatment (of Ebola) Essay

Who should receive experimental treatment (of Ebola) - Essay Example One such mechanism is the emergency Investigational New Drug (IND) initiative (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The Ebola virus has been principally restricted to underdeveloped nations of the world. Consequently, no vaccine or drug to address it has been produced, despite its presence for nearly four decades. The current outbreak of this disease has been of such gravity that the developed nations have been seriously striving to produce vaccines and drugs to deal with it. The rapidity with which this dread infection is spreading has necessitated an approach that ignores the existing rules governing the delivery of new drugs. The WHO clearly stated that when certain conditions were satisfied, it would not be unethical to provide vaccines and drugs, in the experimental stage to prevent infection (The Economist, 2014, p. 85). The experimental serum ZMapp, developed by the US, was injected to two missionaries of the US, after they had been infected with the Ebola virus in Liberia. These missionaries were subsequently relocated to the US and were undergoing treatment in that nation. In the aftermath of this incident, the WHO conducted a meeting to discuss the ethical issues involved in administering experimental drugs to individuals infected with the Ebola virus (Dionne, 2014). In addition, this drug had also been given to a small number of US health officials who had been infected with the Ebola virus in West Africa. The apparent success of this drug in combating the dread Ebola virus induced the US health officials to ask some of the most advanced biology laboratories to present it with plans for producing it (The Guardian, 2014). As such, the provision of healthcare is biased, and the above evidence demonstrates it adequately. The American missionaries had been given the promising new drug, whereas no attempt was

Community Initiatives of Pfizer Company Term Paper

Community Initiatives of Pfizer Company - Term Paper Example Pfizer is among the leaders of the global pharmaceutical markets. It owes its success to the continuous investments in learning and innovation and to the development of sophisticated medical products that meet the changing needs of consumers. Thousands of researchers and professionals in various fields dream of being employed by Pfizer – the company that has proved to be an example of excellent employment opportunities and career prospects. However, Pfizer is not simply a prospective employer but is the company that cares a lot about communities, for which it works. Community programs are among the basic aspects of the company’s corporate performance. Pfizer invests significant resources in the development and implementation of various community program solutions. Although community programs are an essential element of the company’s corporate social responsibility, Pfizer should be more careful with its community program expenses, not to sacrifice other, no less important employment and corporate programs. Pfizer, Inc. is well-known as one of the most prominent leaders of the global pharmaceutical market. Founded in 1849, Pfizer currently resides in Brooklyn, New York and holds its headquarters in New York City. Today, Pfizer employs more than 100,000 people, of which more than 10,000 are medical researchers.1 The company comprises around 70 manufacturing and 50 distribution centers around the world, but the main Pfizer facilities are located in the United States.2 The company operates in almost 200 countries and its net income in 2005 exceeded $8 billion.3 Today, Pfizer is a publicly traded company, and its stakeholders include medical researchers, medical professionals, and individuals. Pfizer operates through the Board of Directors, which comprises 14 members, with 11 of them being independent.4

Health Care Marketing Essay Example for Free

Health Care Marketing Essay The United States spends more than $4.2 billion annually as a resource to market in the direction of health care consumers. Advertisements consist of pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine, and in many cases, lawsuits as a result of alleged bad drugs. The two forms of marketing are direct to consumer advertising (DTCA) of medicines to treat a disease or illness, and direct advertisements reaching a more diverse populace of health care consumers requiring medication. Through the practice of print advertisements, television announcements, radio commercials, the far-reaching side effect of health care marketing is fast becoming an epidemic. My Opinion on Current Health Care Marketing Techniques While my opinion on health care is apparent, I also realize the ever-changing atmosphere and understand that with change come additional responsibilities. From first-hand accounts and voice-to-voice with family in the health care arena, I am doubtful that all possible improvements have been implemented. It is my desire to see a more established forefront to the real problems in health care. We have great potential in this country to improve the processes and services available to health care consumers. How I feel Current Marketing Techniques Are Affecting Consumers? Marketing techniques, in my opinion, often overstep the boundary of ethical behavior; more particularly regarding the use of pharmaceutical marketing techniques. I often wonder about the validity of claims made on behalf of pharmaceutical companies, providing vast amounts of information to an unrecognized audience. â€Å"A recent content analysis of 38 television commercials concluded that the emotional appeal overshadowed factual information about the drug: only 26% of commercials provided information about the causes of or risk factors for disease, and 19% suggested lifestyle changes as adjunctive treatments† Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2007. This information has aided in forming an opinion about how techniques are often over-extended to reach a more diverse population, often with disregard to how this information is perceived by the audience. Conclusion I am grateful for the opportunity to participate in this course. My hopes are to expand my understanding of the processes of health care marketing, learning all the facets of techniques, capabilities, and social responsibilities. References Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Pharmaceutical Industry Profile 2007. Washington, DC: PhRMA, 2007.

Sensation, Emotion, and Thought :: Self Identity Growth Essays

Sensation, Emotion, and Thought Many times in life people get stuck with the same points of view and do not see any other way to see answers are points of view. Therefore they do not see answers that are in front of them and can not change. Seeing other people’s points of view and expanding on them is how people grow and can widen what there beliefs are. In an introduction book for philosophy, â€Å"Wisdom Without Answers†, the writers give a clear understanding of how philosophy can answer questions for people: â€Å"Philosophy shows us how to identify the limitations of our own points of view. But it does more: It teaches us how to get outside ourselves-how to cross the barriers of our familiar framework of answers† (Kolak & Martin 3). We only know a small part of life but by just thinking that are own thoughts and beliefs are right and that we will not look at the other side and stay to the familiar. The only way to grow and really be â€Å"smart† about life is to see that there is m uch we do not know. There are three combined parts of the self that makes experiences: Sensation, emotion, and our own thoughts. You can not have one without the other two. When you touch something with your finger there is pressure on the skin and from that a thought comes from you brain which also make an emotion about the action come out. The question the author is giving the readers in â€Å"Wisdom Without Answers† is they really connected together. If you have a thought do you have emotion connected to it and maybe a sensation too. Your finger can think for itself so something has to be given information to you so that you know what you are doing or feeling. This is a dilemma because they all circular around each other so they have to be connected. We don’t want are thoughts that make up some of an experience to be false. In chapter eight, the idea of experience is explored. The orientation is that sensation, emotion and thought are all components of any experience. The â€Å"disorientation† begins when the author explains that there is a difference between what we experience and the interpretation of that experience. Any sensation is based on our minds interpretation of it.

Wrongful Termination

Wrongful Termination Kenneth L. Mowery BUS670: Legal Environment Prof. Alexis Hooley August 20, 2012 Wrongful Termination â€Å"Over the past 20 to 25 years courts have been carving out common law exceptions to employment at will† (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers, & Langvardt, 2010, p. 1338). One of those exceptions is that of wrongful termination or unjust dismissal. In the past three years there have been five wrongful termination suits brought against Haywood Regional Medical Center.Three cases ended positively for the plaintiffs, while the other two showed that the Medical Center had the stronger case and that the Medical Center had just cause to terminate the employee. . â€Å"The remedies in successful wrongful discharge suits depend heavily on whether the plaintiff’s claim sounds in contract or in tort, with tort remedies being more advantageous for plaintiffs† (Mallor et al. , 2010, p. 1338). If the plaintiff can prove his or her case against the employer for wron gful discharge or termination, the employee can recover damages from the employer.The burden of proof lies with the plaintiff to prove wrongful termination and remedies can be costly for the employer. The employer can avoid the liability of a wrongful termination suit by keeping up with the policies and procedures and performance evaluations of its employees. Employment at Will Let us look at different exceptions to the common-law doctrine of employment-at-will. â€Å"The rule says that either party can terminate an employment contract of indefinite duration. The termination can occur at any time; and can be for good cause or no cause† (Mallor et al. , 2010, p. 1338).However, according to Hames and his evaluation of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the National Labor Relations Act, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act, there must be no formal employment contract for a specified period of time and there can be no statutory prohibitions to the contrary (1991, p. 122). Hospitals hire many individuals with different backgrounds, skills, and values, so it is difficult to, as Hames states, â€Å"devise personnel policies and practices that are perceived as fair and just by the majority of their employees† (1991, p. 22). With this in mind, the cause for termination may also be a morally wrong cause. What may seem right to the employer may be wrong, morally, for the employees. Because hospitals hire such a diverse population of employees, many are â€Å"at risk† for wrongful termination suits against them. In his research, Hames noted that in many cases there has been the implication that the courts have eroded the Employment-at-will doctrine, which leave employers with little discretion regarding who they can fire and under what circumstances (1991, p. 122).This can leave employee at many hospitals little protection against wrongful termination. Exceptions to the Employment-at-will doctrine we re mentioned earlier; we will first examine the Public Policy Exception. Public Policy Exception â€Å"The public policy exception to the doctrine of employment-at-will asserts that employees may not be terminated for refusing to perform an act that is contrary to a clearly mandated public policy nor for performing an act that is consistent with such a public policy† (Hames, 1991, p. 123). Employers may not terminate the employment of an employee for morally wrong causes.This can be seen in Wagenseller v. Scottsdale Memorial Hospital (1985), where Wagenseller was fired from her job at the hospital for not engaging in morally wrong activities; mooning an audience and bathing in public being two of them (Hames, 1991, p. 123). If the employee is discharged or fired from their job for not performing morally wrong activities, the employee will be able to win a wrongful termination suit against the employer. In her case against Scottsdale Memorial Hospital, â€Å"the court conclud ed that firing someone for refusing to expose her buttocks violates public policy in Arizona† (Hames, 1991, p. 23). A doctor at Miramichi Regional Hospital won his wrongful termination suit against the hospital because the board did not explain their reasons for dismissing him (Barry, 2005). Dr. Shaikh’s attorney argued â€Å"that in the interest of fairness, Shaikh should have been given notice of his termination and a meeting to defend himself; instead of six months notice, the hospital was ordered to pay Shaikh six months’ salary† (Barry, 2005). This may not fall under public policy; however, it does fall under morality.It was morally wrong for the hospital to dismiss the services of the doctor with no reason being given. It was also morally wrong for the hospital to dismiss the doctor without giving him the right to defend himself. Implied Contract Exception â€Å"The implied contract exception to the at-will rule asserts that employers’ statem ents or actions regarding job security or termination procedures may constitute legally enforceable obligations if they are communicated to applicants/employees and if they are sufficiently specific to permit the courts to discern their intentions† (Hames, 1991, p. 25). An example given by Hames is that of Leikvold v. Valley View Community Hospital (1984). Leikvold was the director of nursing and asked to be reassigned to an available operating room supervisor position. Her job performance was exceptional if not satisfactory; however the CEO of the hospital fired her on the grounds that it was inappropriate to seek demotions (Hames, 1991, p. 125). Patient safety issues are implied at every hospital that I have worked for, and it would seem that this is implied at all hospitals.A nurse filed a wrongful termination suit against the Youville HealthCare Center alleging that he was released because of pointing out â€Å"serious patient safety issues. † (Pham, 1997). Barry Ad ams, the RN, stated that he had noted many medication errors, patients left in unclean situations, and patient that had fall precautions that were being left alone, many of these falling. â€Å"Adams said in his lawsuit that Youville administrators fired him in October after he wrote several memos to hospital officials documenting unsafe patient conditions and requesting help† (Pham, 1997).It was Adams’ implied contract of patient safety that won his wrongful termination lawsuit against the Youville HealthCare Center. One of the cases against Haywood Regional Medical Center, mentioned in the outset, was when a nurse was fired for refusing to administer a medication, which the doctor ordered, to a patient. The nurse stated that the medication consisted of an ingredient that the patient was allergic to, and this was noted in the patient’s chart. The nurse was dismissed due to insubordination; however, she won the wrongful termination lawsuit against the hospital b ecause she was doing the ob that she was hired to do; taking care of her patient. Taking safe care of patients is an implied contract by this hospital. All employees are to safely care for their patients even if it means going against a higher authority’s order. Good Faith and Fair Dealing Exception â€Å"The good faith and fair dealing exception to the at-will rule generally provides that employers may not terminate their employees in bad faith or for bad cause if doing so deprives them of the benefits of their agreement† (Hames, 1991, p. 128).For example, Hames explains, â€Å"A Bozeman Deaconess Hospital employee was fired during her probationary period for insubordination, disrupting patient care, disorderly conduct, unsatisfactory performance, violating safety and health rules, and breaching confidentiality, each of which were disputed† (Hames, 1991, p. 128). The employee sued the hospital on the grounds that her release breached the implied covenant of goo d faith and fair dealing. The administrator had told her that he would investigate the situations that had caused her termination, but he had only interviewed two individuals that had apparently seen the incidents.This employee â€Å"was allowed to join various benefit plans for which only permanent employees were eligible, her employment was not evaluated at the end of 500 hours as required by hospital policy, and there was no reference to her probationary status included in any of the hospital’s correspondence regarding her discharge† (Hames, 1991, p. 129). She had good faith that she would be an employee at the hospital for the length of her contract. She was not dealt with in a fair manner when it came to investigating the situations that resulted in her discharge from the hospital.Hospitals must be cautious of releasing their employees without rhyme or reason. Investigations should be thoroughly done in order to avoid wrongful termination suits. Investigative Proc edures In order to prevent a wrongful termination suit, an employer must investigate the situation thoroughly. Another case from Haywood Regional Hospital that ended in a wrongful termination suit was when the Director of Nursing had a nurse fired due to inadequate care given to a patient that had undergone respiratory distress during the night and later that morning was being transferred to another facility to deal with her problems.The Director of Nursing based her decision to fire the nurse based on what the CNA and another nurse had said. The CNA was caring for the said patient and the nurse that was fired was over the CNA. The CNA stated that she had mentioned to the nurse that her patient was having trouble breathing, but the nurse stated that the patient always does that to get attention. Another nurse corroborated the CNA’s statement. Upon further investigation, it was found that the CNA and the other nurse had lied to the nurse that was fired and had lied about the s ituation to the Director of Nursing.The nurse that was fired won her wrongful termination suit. Janet Michael, of Nursing Management Personnel at Mountain View Healthcare states that â€Å"when doing an investigation, one must not rely on just one or two individual’s statements; a complete investigation when firing an individual would entail an interview with all that were present on the day of the said accusation† (2004, p. 20). This is a very important step when wanting to avoid a wrongful termination suit.Michael also states that â€Å"before deciding to terminate a nurse, you must perform a complete investigation of the situation; talk to all potential witnesses and appropriately gather the necessary evidence to support your termination decision† (2004, p. 20). The Director of Nursing at Haywood Regional failed to do this and terminated the employment of a great worker and cost the hospital money on the suit that followed. Janet Michael also states that risk management, the facility’s attorney, human resources, and any person with the expertise dealing with the situation should be consulted (2004, p. 0). Policies and procedures should be reviewed as well as the state and federal laws that might affect the circumstances. Costs of Wrongful Termination â€Å"Second only to shareholder suits, wrongful termination lawsuits account for 13% of all lawsuits; further, there are strong indications that the penchant for disgruntled former employees litigating the discharge decision is on the rise, including a recent study revealing that such employees in 1997 filed more than 24,000 wrongful termination lawsuits in federal court, up 77% from 1993† (Gardner, Gomes, & Morgan, 2000, p. 8) It is going to cost an employer a great deal of funds if said employer loses a wrongful termination suit. â€Å"Successful plaintiffs are securing ever-increasing awards from judges and juries . . . the median jury award for a wrongful discharged empl oyee rose from $120,736 in 1992 to $205,794 in 1996; a 70% increase in only four years† (Gardner et al. , 2000, p. 39). Imagine what the increase would be now in 2012. Remedies to avoid wrongful termination suits can be as simple as having a written and up-to-date policies and procedure manual on hand.If this is available, directors, managers, and supervisors will have the tools necessary to avoid a wrongful termination liability. Gardner mentions that aggressive performance management is a must; in doing so, companies provide a vehicle to: (1) inform employees of management’s expectations, (2) identify problem areas, and (3) provide opportunities for improvement (2000, p. 40). Avoiding Liability for Wrongful Termination In my experience, employers have seemed to always have the upper hand when it came to the termination of an employee.I have seen people fired for good reasons, bad reasons, and for no reason, and nothing ever came of the situation. Now days, an employer must â€Å"be on their toes† in order to avoid the liability for wrongful termination. As was stated earlier, the Employment-at-Will doctrine has been eroding over a period of time. â€Å"Over time, however, court and legislators began recognizing the inequality of bargaining power between employer and employee and that the inability of employees to protect themselves from unjust actions by their employers had not just economic ramifications, but also emotional and social ramifications† (Ballam, 2000, p. 57). Tomlinson and Bockanic state that an employer’s â€Å"first line of defense is to communicate at-will employment status periodically throughout the employee’s tenure, noting such critical disclaimers in the employment application, the offer letter, and the employee handbook† (2009, p. 82). The employer must be sure to communicate, at least yearly, the at-will status of the employee. Employers must not send the message to their employees that as long as they do good work, they will be employees with the company forever.Situations may arise in which the employer must cut back on a number of employees in order to make the budget or to break even. There is always a possibility of one losing their job, whether it is for a good reason, a bad reason, or for no reason. If these items are communicated with the employee on a regular basis, the employer may be able to avoid the liability of a wrongful termination suit against them. Disciplinary policies should also be included in the communication to employees.One of the lawsuits filed against Haywood Regional Medical Center dealt with the employee stating that he had no idea of the disciplinary policies of the hospital, however after further investigation, it was noted that he had in fact received these policies on the date of hire, as well as each year of the two years that he was employed with the hospital. Fortunately for the hospital, this wrongful termination suit was not wo n by the plaintiff.Tomlinson and Bockanic also note that â€Å"performance appraisals should be conducted on a regular basis, with careful and accurate evaluations based on the essential requirements of the position as specified in the job description† (Tomlinson & Bockanic, 2009, p. 83). If an employer keeps up with the performance evaluations of their employees then if the time comes to terminate the employee, the employer will have the employee’s evaluations there for back-up as well as something to fall back on, especially if the employee’s performance had been declining throughout the years.A proper performance evaluation will let the employer know which employees are improving and which ones are declining in the duties that they are supposed to perform. Wrongful termination suits can be seen to plague employers from all over the globe. Many employers terminate their employees for good reasons, for bad reasons, and for no reason at all. Employers also may t end to fire their employees under immoral pretenses. However, what is right for one individual may not be right for another. When filing a wrongful termination suit, it is up to the plaintiff.If the plaintiff can prove his or her case against the employer for wrongful discharge or termination, the employee can recover damages from the employer. The burden of proof lies with the plaintiff to prove wrongful termination and remedies can be costly for the employer. The employer can avoid the liability of a wrongful termination suit by keeping up with the policies and procedures and performance evaluations of its employees. References: Ballam, D. A. (2000) Employment-at-will: The impending death of a doctrine.American Business Law Journal, 37(4), 653-687. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com/docview/203397796? accountid=32521 Barry, A. (2005, Dec. 10). Miramichi doctor wins wrongful dismissal lawsuit; judge says hospital board didn’t explain reasons for dismissing physicia n. The Times – Transcript. pp. A. 8. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/422926221? accountid=32521 Gardner, S. , Gomes, G. M. , & Morgan, J. F. (2000). Wrongful termination and the expanding public policy exception: Implications and advice.S. A. M. Advanced Management Journal, 65(1), 38-44. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com/docview/231235990/? accountid=32521 Hames, D. S. (1991). Liability for wrongful terminations: Are hospitals at risk? Hospital & Health Services Administration, 36(1), 121. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com/docview/206719067? accountid=32521 Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. , & Langvardt, A. W. (2010) Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment. 14th edition). Boston. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. References Cont. : Michael, J. E. (2004). Investigate thoroughly to avoid wrongful termination suits. Nursing Management, 35(5), 20-20, 22, 53. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com/docview/23 1333715? accountid=32521 Pham, A. (1997, Mar. 19). State faults youville in overdose death of patient news of probe comes as ex-nurse who alleged serious patient safety issues files wrongful termination suit against hospital.Boston Globe, pp. F. 1-F, 1:4. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com/docview/403833649? accountid=32521 Tomlinson, E. C. , & Bockanic, W. N. (2009). Avoiding liability for wrongful termination: â€Å"ready, aim, . . . fire! †. Employee Responsibility and Rights Journal, 21(2), 77-87. doi: 10. 1007/s10672-008-9068-0. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com/docview/219426148/fulltextPDF/6? accountid=32521

The Indus Valley Civilization History Essay

The Indus Valley civilisation is besides known as the Harappan Civilization after the small town named Harappa, in what is now Pakistan, where the civilisation was foremost discovered. It is besides known as the Indus Civilization because two of its best-known metropoliss, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, are situated along the Bankss of the Indus River. This name is inaccurate. Most of the civilisation ‘s colonies were situated along the every bit monolithic Ghaggar-Hakra river system, which is now mostly nonextant. The Indus Valley civilisation extended over a big part of contemporary Pakistan and western India. It flourished between 2600 and 1900 BC. Forgotten to history prior to its rediscovery in the 1920s, the Indus civilisation — as it is more normally ( if inaccurately ) called — ranks with its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, as one of the three earliest of all human civilisations, as defined by the outgrowth of metropoliss and composing. The Indus civilisation was non the earliest human civilisation ; Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt developed metropoliss somewhat before the Indus civilisation did. Nevertheless, the Indus civilisation was by far the most geographically extended of the three earliest civilisations. Over 1000 colonies have been found, the bulk along the way of the nonextant Ghaggar-Hakra river, which one time flowed — like the Indus — through what is now known as the Indus Valley. ( It is due to the Ghaggar-Hakra ‘s prominence that some bookmans, with justification, prefer to talk of the Indus Valley civilisation instead than the Indus civilisation ; for the interest of brevity, this article will utilize the older terminology. ) Other Indus civilisation colonies were situated along the Indus and its feeders or spread every bit widely as Mumbai ( Bombay ) to the South, Delhi to the E, the Persian boundary line to the West and the Himalayas to the north. Among the colonies are legion metropoliss, including Dholavira [ ? ] , Ganeriwala [ ? ] , Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi [ ? ] . At its extremum, its population may hold exceeded five million people. In changeless, close communicating were towns and metropoliss separated by distances of 1000 kilometer. For all its accomplishments, the Indus civilisation is ill understood. Its really being was forgotten until the twentieth century. Its authorship system remains undeciphered. Among the Indus civilisation ‘s enigmas are cardinal inquiries, including its agencies of subsistence and the causes of its sudden, dramatic disappearing, get downing around 1900 BC. We do non cognize what linguistic communication Indus civilisation spoke. We do non cognize what they called themselves. All of these facts stand in stark contrast to what is known about its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt.Table of contents1 Predecessors 2 Emergence of Civilization 3 Cities 4 Economy 5 Agribusiness 6 Writing 7 Decline and Collapse 8 Bequest 9 External MentionsPredecessorsThe Indus civilisation was predated by the first agriculture civilizations in south Asia, which emerged in the hills Baluchistan, to the West of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this civilization is Mehrgarh, established around 6500 BC [ ? ] . These early husbandmans domesticated wheat and a assortment of animate beings, including cowss. Pottery was in usage by around 5500 BC [ ? ] . The Indus civilization grew out of this civilization ‘s technological base, every bit good as its geographic enlargement into the alluvial fields of what are now the states of Sindh and Punjab in modern-day Pakistan. By 4000 BC, a typical, regional civilization, called pre-Harappan, had emerged in this country. ( It is called pre-Harappan because remains of this widespread civilization are found in the early strata of Indus civilisation metropoliss. ) Trade webs linked this civilization with related regional civilizations and distant beginnings of natural stuffs, including lapis lazuli and other stuffs for bead-making. Villagers had, by this clip, domesticated legion harvests, including peas, benne seed, day of the months, and cotton, every bit good as a broad scope of domestic animate beings, including the H2O American bison, an animate being that remains indispensable to intensive agricultural production throughout Asia today.Emergence of CivilizationBy 2600 BC, some pre-Harappan colonies grew into metropoliss incorporating 1000s of people who were non chiefly engaged in agribusiness. Subsequently, a incorporate civilization emerged throughout the country, conveying into conformance colonies th at were separated by every bit much as 1,000 kilometer. and muffling regional differences. So sudden was this civilization ‘s outgrowth that early bookmans thought that it must hold resulted from external conquering or migration. Yet archeologists have demonstrated that this civilization did, in fact, arise from its pre-Harappan predecessor. The civilization ‘s sudden visual aspect appears to hold been the consequence of planned, deliberate attempt. For illustration, some colonies appear to hold been intentionally rearranged to conform to a witting, well-developed program. For this ground, the Indus civilisation is recognized to be the first to develop urban planning.CitiesThe Indus civilisation ‘s preference for urban planning is apparent in the larger colonies and metropoliss. Typically, the metropolis is divided into two subdivisions. The first country includes a raised, earthen platform ( dubbed the â€Å" Citadel † by early archeologists ) . The 2nd cou ntry ( called the â€Å" lower metropolis † ) contains tightly packed places and stores, every bit good as chiseled streets that were laid out to a precise program. A system of unvarying weights and steps was in usage, and streets and back streets are of stiffly unvarying breadth in virtually all Harappan sites. The chief edifice stuff was brick, both fired and sun-baked, of a strictly standardised size. The largest metropoliss every bit many as 30,000 people. As seen in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, the best-known ( and perchance the largest ) metropoliss, this urban program included the universe ‘s first urban sanitation systems. Within the metropolis, single places or groups of places obtained H2O from Wellss. From a room that appears to hold been set aside for bathing, waste H2O was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Although the well-engineered system drained waste H2O from the metropolis, it seems clear that the streets were far from fragrant. Houses opened merely to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. The intent of the â€Å" Citadel † remains a affair of argument. In crisp contrast to this civilisation ‘s coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, no big, monumental constructions were built. There is no conclusive grounds of castles or temples — or, so, of male monarchs, ground forcess, or priests. Some constructions are thought to hold been garners. Found at one metropolis is an tremendous, well-built bath, which may hold been a public bath. Although the â€Å" Citadels † are walled, it is far from clear that these constructions were defensive. They may hold been built to deviate inundation Waterss. Most metropolis inhabitants appear to hold been bargainers or craftsmans, who lived with others prosecuting the same business in chiseled vicinities. Materials from distant parts were used in the metropoliss for building seals, beads and other objects. Among the artefacts made were beautiful beads made of glassy rock ( called faience [ ? ] . The seals have images of animate beings, Gods etc. , and letterings. Some of the seals were used to stomp clay on trade goods, but they likely had other utilizations. Although some houses were larger than others, Indus civilisation metropoliss were singular for their evident equalitarianism. For illustration, all houses had entree to H2O and drainage installations. One gets the feeling of a huge, middle-class society.EconomyThe Indus civilisation ‘s economic system appears to hold depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major progresss in conveyance engineering. These progresss included bullock-driven carts that are indist inguishable to those seen throughout South Asia today, every bit good as boats. Most of these boats were likely little, flat-bottomed trade, possibly driven by canvas, similar to those one can see on the Indus River today ; nevertheless, there is secondary grounds of sea-going trade: late, archeologists have discovered a monolithic, dredged canal and docking installation at a coastal metropolis. Judging from the dispersion of Indus civilisation artefacts, the trade webs economically integrated a immense country, including parts of Afghanistan, the coastal parts of Persia, northern and cardinal India, and Mesopotamia. A Sumerian lettering appears to utilize the name Meluhha to mention to the Indus civilisation. If so, it is the lone grounds we possess that might propose what Indus civilisation people called themselves.AgribusinessIndus civilisation agribusiness must hold been extremely productive ; after all, it was capable of bring forthing excesss sufficient to back up 10s of 1000s of urban occupants who were non chiefly engaged in agribusiness. It relied on the considerable technological accomplishments of the pre-Harappan civilization, including the Big Dipper. Still, really small is known about the husbandmans who supported the metropoliss or their agricultural methods. Some of them doubtless made usage of the fertile alluvial dirt [ ? ] left by rivers after the inundati on season, but this simple method of agribusiness is non thought to be productive plenty to back up metropoliss. There is no grounds of irrigation, but such grounds could hold been obliterated by repeated, ruinous inundations. The Indus civilisation appears to disconfirm the Oriental Despotism [ ? ] hypothesis, which is concerned with the beginning of urban civilisation and the province. Harmonizing to this hypothesis, metropoliss could non hold arisen without irrigation systems capable of bring forthing monolithic agricultural excesss [ ? ] . To construct these systems, a despotic, centralised province emerged that was capable of stamp downing the societal position of 1000s of people and tackling their labour as slaves. It is really hard to square this hypothesis with what is known about the Indus civilisation. There is no grounds of irrigation — and what is more, there is no grounds of male monarchs, slaves, or forced mobilisation of labour. It is frequently assumed that intensive agricultural production requires dikes and canals. This premise is easy refuted. Throughout Asia, rice husbandmans produce important agricultural excesss from terraced, hillside rice Paddies [ ? ] , which result non from bondage but instead the accrued labour of many coevalss of people. Alternatively of edifice canals, Indus civilisation people may hold built H2O recreation strategies, which — like patio agribusiness [ ? ] — can be elaborated by coevalss of small-scale labour investings. In add-on, it is known that Indus civilisation people practiced rainfall harvest home [ ? ] , a powerful engineering that was brought to fruition by classical Indian civilisation but about forgotten in the twentieth century. It should be remembered that Indus civilisation people, like all peoples in South Asia, built their lives around the monsoon, a conditions form in which the majority of a twelvemonth ‘s rainfall occurs in a four-month pe riod. At a late discovered Indus civilisation metropolis in western India, archaeologists discovered a series of monolithic reservoirs, hewn from solid stone and designed to roll up rainfall, that would hold been capable of run intoing the metropolis ‘s demands during the dry season. The nature of the Indus civilisation ‘s agricultural system is still mostly a affair of speculation. But the affair is of import. It is possible that this civilisation teaches an of import lesson. By agencies of corporate societal action and harmonious integrating with the natural environment, human existences may hold one time created considerable economic prosperity without societal inequality or political subjugation. If this is so the Indus civilisation ‘s accomplishment, it is among the most baronial in all human history.WritingThe Indus civilisation remains cryptic in another manner: Despite legion efforts, bookmans have non been able to decode the Indus book. One job is the deficiency of grounds. Most of the known letterings have been found on seals or ceramic pots, and are no more than 4 or 5 characters in length ; the longest is 26 characters. There is no grounds of a organic structure of literature. A complicating factor: No 1 knows which linguistic communicatio n Indus civilisation people spoke ; likely campaigners are the Dravidian linguistic communication household, the Munda, the Indo-Aryan, and Sumerian. Were it known which linguistic communication was spoken by Indus civilisation people, bookmans might derive hints that could assist them decode the book. But no 1 knows. Because the letterings are so short, some bookmans wonder whether the Indus book fell abruptly of a true authorship system ; it has been suggested that the system amounted to little more than a agency of entering individuality in economic minutess. Still, it is possible that longer texts were written in perishable media. Morever, there is one, little piece of grounds proposing that the book embodies a well-known, widespread, and complex communicating system. At a late discovered Indus civilisation metropolis in Western India, grounds has been found that appears to be the leftovers of a big mark that was mounted above the gate to the metropolis. Possibly it was designed to inform travellers ( who would hold been legion ) of the metropolis ‘s name, correspondent to the welcome marks seen today along main roads taking to major metropoliss.Decline and CollapseFor 700 old ages, the Indus civilisation provided its peoples with prosperity and copiousness and its craftsmans produced go ods of exceling beauty and excellence. But about every bit all of a sudden as the civilisation emerged, it declined and disappeared. No 1 knows why. Around 1900 BC, marks began to emerge of mounting jobs. Peoples started to go forth the metropoliss. Those who remained were ill nourished. By around 1800 BC, most of the metropoliss were abandoned. In the centuries to come — and once more, in crisp contrast to its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt — remembrance of the Indus civilisation and its accomplishments seemed to vanish from the record of human experience. Unlike the antediluvian Egyptians and Mesopotamians, Indus civilisation people built no immense, stone memorials to certify to their being. One could reason that they could non make so because rock was difficult to come by in the Indus Valley alluvial sediment. One could besides reason that the construct of an tremendous, intimidating memorial was foreign to their position of the universe. To be certain, Indus civilisation people did non vanish. In the wake of the Indus civilisation ‘s prostration, regional civilizations emerged, all of which show the tarriance influence — to changing grades — of the Indus civilisation. In the once great metropolis of Harappa, entombments have been found that correspond to a regional civilization called the Cemetery H civilization. Some former Indus civilisation people appear to hold migrated to the E, toward the Gangetic Plain [ ? ] . What disappeared was non the people, but the civilisation: the metropoliss, the authorship system, the trade webs, and — finally — the political orientation that so evidently provided the rational foundation for this civilisation ‘s integrating. In the past, many bookmans argued that the prostration was so sudden that it must hold been caused by foreign conquering. In the 19th century, some bookmans argued that â€Å" superior † Aryan encroachers, with their Equus caballuss and chariots, conquered the â€Å" crude, † â€Å" dark, † and â€Å" weak † peoples they encountered in ancient South Asia. Subsequently, these â€Å" white † encroachers intermingled with the autochthonal â€Å" dark † population, and grew â€Å" weak † — and hence ripe for repeated conquering. It was portion of a larger, fabulous narration that was used to legalize the English colonisation of the â€Å" weak † and â€Å" dark † peoples of India. These thoughts were developed before the find of the Indus civilisation itself, when it was assumed that the pre-Aryan Indian populations lived crude lives. When the civilisation was discovered in the 1920s, these statements were adapted to s how the Indo-Aryans as energetic barbaric warriors who overthrew a inactive or peaceable urban civilization. In the words of the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, the Indo-Aryan war God Indra ‘stands accused ‘ of the devastation. Current thought does non give much acceptance to the position that the Indo-Aryans were responsible for the prostration of the Indus civilisation, or that ‘ † white † encroachers displaced or subordinated â€Å" dark † indigens. Centuries would go through before Cardinal Asiatic Indo-Aryans appeared in South Asia. Even so, there is no grounds — an vague Vedic mention notwithstanding — that these peoples conquered a civilisation. The facts are these: by the clip the Central Asiatic peoples arrived, the Indus civilisation had collapsed. What caused the prostration? It seems undeniable that a major factor was climatic alteration. In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and pullulating with wildlife. It was wetter, excessively. Floods were a job and appear, on more than one juncture, to hold overwhelmed certain colonies. A point in fact: Indus civilisation people supplemented their diet with hunting, a fact that is all but impossible when 1 considers today ‘s dessicated, denuded environment. By 1800 BC, the clime is known to hold changed. It became significantly cooler and drier. But this fact entirely may non hold been sufficient to convey down the Indus civilisation. The important factor may hold been the disappearing of significant parts of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system. A tectonic event may hold diverted the system ‘s beginnings toward the Ganges Plain, though there is some uncertainness about the day of the month of this event. Such a statement may look doubtful if one does non recognize that the passage between the Indus and Gangetic plains sums to a affair of inches, and is all but unperceivable. The part in which the river ‘s Waterss once arose is known to be geologically active, and there is grounds of major tectonic events at the clip the Indus civilisation collapsed. The river ‘s very being was unknown until the late twentieth century, when geologists used satellite photographs to follow its former class through the Indus Valley. If the Ghaggar-Hakra river system dried up when the Indus civilisation was at its tallness, the effects would hold been lay waste toing. Refugees would hold flooded the other metropoliss. The â€Å" critical mass † needed for economic integrating would hold collapsed. The most likely account is that the causes were multiple — and, in their collection, ruinous. In the worsening old ages, Indus civilisation people tried to hang on to their old manner of life, but in the terminal, they gave up. By 1600 BC, the metropoliss were deserted. In the nineteenth century, British applied scientists discovered that the abundant bricks found in the ruins — in which they expressed no apparent wonder — provided first-class natural stuffs for railroad building. They proceeded to destruct much of the available archeological grounds.BequestThe relationship between the Indus civilisation and the early Sanskrit linguistic communication civilization that produced the Vedic texts of Hinduism is ill-defined. It is perplexing that the most ancient Vedic texts — unwritten traditions that were non written down until long after Central Asians had settled in the Gangetic Plain and intermingled with its autochthonal occupants — speak of a bea utiful river, the Sarasvati river. They recall a thriving, Utopian life style that emerged along its Bankss. The texts besides seem to depict the sad narrative of the river ‘s disappearing. Still, all the grounds suggests that the supposed writers of the earliest Vedas — â€Å" Indo-european † migrators from Central Asia — did non look until many centuries after the Indus civilisation ‘s prostration. Are the ancient Vedic mentions to the Sarasviti River strictly fabulous? Did they refer to some other river? Did they refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river? We are in the kingdom of speculation. To perplex affairs, this topic has been drawn into the struggle that divides India and Pakistan. Still, it is possible Vedic civilisation, originating centuries after the Indus civilisation ‘s ruin, evolved in a duologue between Central Asian immigrants and autochthonal, small town peoples, who may hold recalled — possibly mythologically — the Indus civilisation ‘s magnificence and its prostration. This reading squares with some of the grounds. The â€Å" Aryan † migrators who arrived in India centuries after the Indus civilisation ‘s prostration were related to other peoples who migrated to the Middle East and Europe during the same period ; all these peoples brought with them a typical faith focused on the worship of a Sun God. In India, these beliefs shortly gave manner to a well more advanced and sophisticated spiritual tradition, Hinduism, which looks to the most ancient Vedas as a beginning of legitimacy but departs from them philosophically in important ways. It is possible ( but however a affair of speculation ) that the Indus civilisation ‘s bequest contributed to Hinduism ‘s development. As several archeologists have noted, there is something indescribably â€Å" Indian † about the Indus vale civilisation. Judging from the abundant statuettes picturing female birthrate that they left buttocks, Indus civilisation people — like mod ern Hindus — may hold held a particular topographic point in their worship for a female parent goddess and the life-affirming rules she represents ( see Shakti and Kali ) . Their seals depict animate beings in a manner that seems to propose fear, possibly boding Hindu strong beliefs sing the sacredness of cowss. Like Hindus today, Indus civilisation people seemed to hold placed a high value on bathing, personal cleanliness, and shacking with one ‘s extended household. Possibly the most of import bequest of the Indus civilisation, if such a bequest exists, was its passive resistance. In amazing and dramatic contrast to other ancient civilisations, the archeological record of the Indus civilisation provides small or no believable grounds of ground forcess, male monarchs, slaves, societal struggle, political subjugation, gross societal inequalities, prisons, and the other afflictions that we associate with civilisation. Make the Indus civilisation contribute in some manner to the construct of ahimsa ( passive resistance ) , one of the most of import of all Hindu beliefs? Possibly we will ne'er cognize. But we should retrieve the words of Mahatma Gandhi: â€Å" I have nil new to learn the universe. Truth and non-violence are every bit old as the hills. †External Mentionshypertext transfer protocol: //www.harappa.com/ has descriptions and exposure of archeological diggings. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.safarmer.com/frontline/ shows how the Indus Valley Civilization has become combative in contemporary Indian political relations, giving a sum-up of present cognition. All Wikipedia text is available under the footings of the GNU Free Documentation LicenseAA Search EncyclopediaSearch over one million articles, happen something about about anything!ATop of Form Bottom of FormAA AA Featured Article1892 †¦ cosmonautics, and projectile applied scientist ( + 1929 ) . Ernest Brastins [ ? ] born in Latvia, spiritual leader ( Dievturiba ) Deaths January 31 – Charles Spurgeon February 11 – †¦

Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign

Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign Report abstract summary This report seeks to address the issue at hand of aligning Blue sky Media PLC for change and strategic renewal. It also aims at rebuilding the company and improving the position the company has previously held. There is also the aspect of restoration of employees trust in their leaders.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leaders have to adopt the innovative programmes of work publicized by behavioral scientists for other levels in organizations. When they work with other leaders, they have to rely increasingly on matrix organizations, temporary tasks groups, and project teams. The work most typically reflects what is described as an exploitative-authoritative organization. In contrast, other departments in companies are practising with the more open and practical participative group approaches described by Likert. Though it is not clear that these innovative designs may lead to increased productivity, growing evidence suggests such results for knowledge based workers in complex information environments. Introduction Blue-sky media PLC is an organization which is changing fast. This organizational change is stimulated by a major external force, for example, substantial cuts in funding, decreased market opportunity and dramatic increases in services. It has therefore undertaken technical, structural or strategic shifts in the organization to evolve to a different level in its life cycle, for example, changing from a highly reactive organization to a more stable proactive environment. Since this organization has been going through major changes in the aspects of employee’s relations to their leaders, the new CEO has to institute radical changes. There must be a paradigm shift in the manner of operations and also the method of handling issues, especially those related to new strategies f or change. Background Blue sky media PLC is faced with several factors which necessitate change. These are societal, environmental and internal factors. External factors for change are globalization, differences in workers, technological change, and managing work ethics. These are challenges that cause change in organizations. Internal forces for change originating inside the organization are recognizable in the form of signals indicating that something needs to be changed. For instance, reduction in effectiveness is a pressure to change. A company that incurs its last three months of the year loss in a span of a fiscal year is for sure forced to do something about it (Lopucki Whitford, 1990; Weiss, 1990).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategic renewal is helpful in guiding the company to downsize, outsource, reengineer, and in corporate venturing, restructuri ng and rejuvenation. The major aim of strategic renewal is to see the company reposition itself in the market. This helps avoid threats like corporate takeover by other bigger companies. Human resource management will be vital to either institute measures to retain staff or retrench them through massive lay-offs. The company could also invent other measures aimed at staff appraisal depending on performance and put requisite steps accordingly. Leadership is essential in a successful corporate world. Visionary leaders help drive their companies to scaling professional and corporate heights. Leaders can either be democratic or autocratic. The company CEO who is democratic encourages workers contribution to the management and running of the company whereas the autocratic leader is strict and runs a one man show. Project objectives The first objective of the reorganization is to achieve a framework for financially stable business operations through a capital increase in the company. This will help widen the scope of operation. In addition, the reorganization brings the subsidiaries together directly under the umbrella of holding company making it possible to more efficiently manage the entire business, increase profitability, and strengthen the relationship between the company and its subsidiaries, while at the same time boosting the group’s sales. The second objective is maximization of the total value of the companys assets. There are two elements to this objective. First, it is desirable that as little value as possible will be dissipated during the reorganization process; to this end, it is desirable to minimize the time that the process will take and the direct and indirect costs incurred during this process. It is a good thing that, when the reorganization process ends, the companys assets will be allocated to their highest-valued use. This implies, among other things, that the assets will continue to function as a going concern if and only if the succ ess value exceeds the liquidation value and that, if the assets continue to function as a going concern, they will be employed under the maximum possible capital structure and the optimal governance structure. The third objective is highest division of total value: From an efficiency perspective, what matters is not only that the total bankruptcy value will be as large as possible but also how this value will be divided among the participants.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason for this is that this afterwards division has important later consequences. In particular, to induce participants to provide finance to the company ex ante, it is expected that, in the event of ex post insolvency, the value will be divided according to the distribution or ranking of priorities that were agreed upon as a contract. Benefits and key outcomes A well-defined business process benefits a company in three dimensions. These are productivity, process, and people. Since the performance of a particular enterprise is a combination of the results of its processes. Well defined business processes contribute to a well-managed company. Productivity, process, and people are interdependent and synergistic. When people acquaint themselves well about the process and become experts in the process, productivity will increase, further increasing the morale of the workers (Gertner Scharfstein, 1991). Employees can be motivated through increased morale, which is very important as it increases their productivity. A percentage of between 10 and 70 is estimated to be the inefficiency effect. Improvement of productivity can be tremendously drawn from such inefficiency. Identification of the process activity to ensure error free work can be done since there is a clear definition of the business process. The people perform daily tasks which are pe rsistently changing. The prospects are finely-identified and invariable. However, in the event that errors take place their cause can potentially be identified by the organization. The moment the root cause of the errors is pointed out, they can be fixed by making adjustments on the process, which also puts off their recurrence. It is also very critical that the workers are motivated as it can help steer the process forward. The customers should be fully satisfied through a well-identified process. As a result, the customers become loyal to the business and feel satisfied, which brings about motivation (Lopucki Whitford, 1990). Assumptions/constraints While dealing with individuals you will find that most individuals want to develop their potential. In addition, they have interests for personal growth and development in case they are provided with supportive and challenging atmosphere. They like to make a higher level of contribution in achieving institutional goals than is normal ly acceptable.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manager asks, listens, supports, challenges, encourages risk-taking, allows failure, removes hindrances, gives freedom and responsibility, sets high standards and rewards success. This will in turn help to boost the morale of employees and aid in furthering successful organizational change. While dealing with groups, the manager needs to understand that one of the most reference groups for individuals is the working group; this includes peers and the boss. Majority wish to be accepted, and socialize with one or more small reference groups. They make bigger contributions to the groups’ efficiency and growth. The manager should let teams flourish; leaders should invest in groups/teams; adopt a team-leadership style rather than a one-on-one style. They ought to actively engage group members to help the leader in decision-making and problem-solving, by training them up suitably. Therefore this will help group members to deal with both positive and negative feelings hence solv e problems through mutual interactions. In designing and running an organization, traditional bureaucratic organization structures must give way to newer organizational designs. The needs and aspirations of employees ought to be addressed. Placing people first can lead to organizations that are more human, development oriented and encouraging. They are also high performing in terms of output, profitability and output quality. The result is that people are an organization’s most essential resource; they are the source of productivity and profits and should be treated with care. The current bargaining-based process appears to fall substantially short of the goal of maximizing total reorganization value. This happens both because value is often dissipated during the process and because the ultimate outcome of the process might not be value-maximizing. The redesign process under the existing rules takes substantial time (White, 1984; Weiss, 1990). In one re-organization of a majo r corporation, the administrative expenses of the company and of the creditors committee came to $3.5 million per month (Cutler Summers, 1988). Essentially, the company under reorganization might incur substantial indirect costs from functioning inefficiently during the reorganization process. Because the incentives of management during the process are generally not well aligned with the maximization of reorganization value, the management decisions during the process are likely to be distorted. In addition, because of the insolvency cloud hovering over the company, potential business partners may be reluctant to deal with the company or may demand especially favorable terms. Potential inefficiencies in the structure emerging out of the process: There are reasons to suspect that inefficiency costs might continue to be incurred even after the reorganization process ends, because the structure emerging out of the process might not be optimal. White (1994) suggests that the existing p rocess is biased in favor of continuation that is, the company is likely to continue as a going concern even if the most efficient route would be liquidation. Lastly, constraints under which the project must operate are based on the amount of resources available for implementation of aspects of the recommended strategies. However this can be addressed by ensuring that there are enough funds and requisite resources long before the organizational change, diagnosis and redesign is embarked on. Quality control Risk identified Response to risk By whom Time factor being a constraint Apportion enough time for each task to be completed The project coordinator Shortageof finances Seek alternative sources of finance The finance officer External interference Legal redress The legal consultant Other This proposal will be effective only if the expected conditions prevail and the outcomes are only achievable as per the procedure set (Lawrence Lorsch, 1967). Milestones Task Milest ones By whom Employee appraisal A motivated workforce Human resource manager Increased emoluments Better performance The accounts manager Revised strategies Improved output Strategy manager External auditing Higher accountability Company auditor Business expansion Corporate takeovers The CEO Rebranding New markets Marketing manager References Cutler, D. M., Summers, L.H. (1988). The costs of conflict resolution and financial distress: evidence from the Texaco-Pennzoil litigation. Rand Journal of  Economics, 19, 157-172. Gertner, R., Scharfstein, D. (1991). A theory of workouts and the effects of reorganization law. Journal of Finance, 46, 1189-1222. Lawrence, P.R., Lorsch, P. (1967). Organizational and Environment. Boston: Harvard Business School, Division of Research. Lopucki, L., Whitford, W. (1990). Bargaining over equitys share in the bankruptcy reorganization of large publicly held companies. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 139, 125-196. Weiss, L. A. (1990). Bankruptcy resolution: direct costs and violation of priority of claims. Journal of Financial Economics, 27, 285-314. White, M. J. (1994). Corporate bankruptcy as a filtering device: Chapter 11 reorganizations and out-of-court debt restructurings. Journal of Law, Economics, Organization, 10, 268-295.

Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012

Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012 My blogs this year have not focused on grammar, but my daily work naturally entails frequent corrections of people’s use of grammar in their writing. When not officially editing, I tend to gloss over errors within emails and other correspondence. It’s the end of the year, however, and time for my Top Grammatical and Spelling Errors list (see last year’s Top 10 Grammatical and Spelling Errors here). Readers report that this is one of their favorite postings of the year. So here it goes (I kept it to my absolute top 7 this year!): 7.   Alright (vs. All right). Grammar Girl asserts that alright is not a word. Despite the fact that this construction seems to be making its way into the dictionary, I still agree with Grammar Girl. I received an email from an Ivy League graduate that contained the following sentence: â€Å"In addition, Im going to pass your information on to another organization that may be interested in your coming in to talk; I hope thats alright.† I’m sticking to the spelling â€Å"all right† for at least another year. Check back in with me in 2013. 6. Effect / Affect. The only meaning of the verb â€Å"effect† is to cause, e.g., effect change. This error was highlighted in my 2010 list. The following sentence, from a client’s addendum explaining his GPA, uses â€Å"effect† incorrectly: â€Å"These three grades have effected my gpa significantly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The grades at issue were in science, not English. But the correct verb would have been â€Å"affected.† 5.   Complimentary vs. Complementary. Complimentary has two meanings: 1) expressing positive sentiments about someone or something, and 2) offered free of charge or as a courtesy. Complementary means completing a set, or making up a whole. I have come across the following misuses and correct uses of the words. Which do you think are correct? a. From an announcement marketing the offerings of a local networking event: â€Å"Enjoy †¦ a complementary drink from Yahara Bay Distillers, and bid on enticing items in our  Silent Auction.† b. From a client to whom I had offered a project sheet at no cost: â€Å"When will the cover letter and the complementary project sheet included in the package be completed?† c. From a cover letter: â€Å"The Alternative Research Institute is advocating a wide range of complementary medicine approaches.† d. From an email containing marketing advice: â€Å"Look at the Chamber website and start there looking for complementary businesses that you could serve as a resource and also as a referral source.† Answers: a. Incorrect; b. Incorrect; c. Correct; d. Correct 4.   Then vs. Than. A colleague of mine stated to me: â€Å"You are a much stronger person then you give yourself credit for being.† Regardless of whether this psychoanalysis is an accurate interpretation, a grammatically correct sentence would have been, â€Å"You are a much stronger person than you give yourself credit for being.† For more on this distinction, see Top 10 Grammar and Spelling Errors from 2010. 3.   Quotation marks. I understand that the rules of quotation marks are not logical in the United States (commas and periods always go inside quotation marks). I’ve written an article to that effect: The Quandary of Quotation Marks. What baffles me is when people put full sentences in quotations and still place the punctuation outside the quotation marks. For instance, from an essay from one of my clients: Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.   This quote by Winston Churchill resonates with me for several reasons. Can anyone provide a valid reason for the period to be outside the quotation marks here, when the period is part of the quotation? 2.     Ã‚  Apostrophes. Many people seem to be confused about how to create plurals. I wrote about this issue in last year’s blog, but the main point is that plurals of nouns are created by adding an s or es. No apostrophe is needed. Here’s a recent example of an error in this department: â€Å"All I can tell you is that the one’s I’ve attended have been awesome.† What’s an apostrophe doing in the word â€Å"one’s†? Proper punctuation would be â€Å"ones.† And the number one error, which outpaces all the rest and presents an ongoing struggle for me as an editor†¦ 1. Comma Splice. These buggers are rampant! I’ve written two articles about commas and semicolons so I won’t go into detail now. Here are some examples of comma splices that have crossed my desk in 2012. Replacing the comma with a semicolon corrects the error in each sentence; other options to try are splitting the sentence into two full sentences (inserting a period in place of the comma) or inserting the word â€Å"and† after the comma: â€Å"I have an appointment at 4pm Central, if it is not too late for you I could talk after that.† â€Å"I will need to ask him more about the program to determine the benefit, he didn’t provide that information.† â€Å"I still have to get 6 people Christmas presents, tonight was one of the days that I thought that I could use to do it.† If you have other frequently-occurring grammar and punctuation issues you’ve noticed, please let me know and I’ll throw them into the pot for next year. I hope this list was useful to you or will be useful to someone you love. Here’s to great writing in 2013! Category:UncategorizedBy Brenda BernsteinDecember 26, 2012 1 Comment The Essay Expert says: December 26, 2012 at 7:05 pm From a friend for whom the captcha code wouldnt work: tonight is one of the days Heavens to Murgatoyd! Holy moly batman! gadzooks! Log in to Reply

Management in Brazil Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management in Brazil - Assignment Example Most of these firms operate under the economies of scale. There is no use of state of the art advance management practices. The situation is no different from the government owned large cooperation. Most of the managers in these co-operations are educated and come for the high social class group. The managers in these large co-operations act like their counterparts in smaller institutions, lack the necessary education in commensurate management. Issues to do with culture and business size limit are the limiting facts to management and are evident in most organization in Brazil. The family owned business the management is centralized around the family. In the middle level cooperation’s, there is no in between levels and the top management is by the owners of the business. The private organizations show very small levels of departments. The structure makes management in Brazil to be very authoritarian. The management is paternalistic and exploits employees mainly in terms of their security, safety and physiological needs. As a result, labor unions are becoming stronger and stronger each day that passes. The unions are advocating better employee working conditions and servicers. The above development has given rise to more firms adopting human and resource management. However, the department is limited to employees alone. Their role makes them to be viewed more as agents of the employees rather than a member of the managing team of the greater organization. The role of women in Brazilian firm’s management is limited. Women have been sideline in management and the main reason given by John Theodor is the Brazilian culture. There are also few women in the professions that are considered necessary to make top management position in an organization. The human and resource department also lack policies to encourage women to join the management as affirmative action. Existing managers in Brazil